9129767 5NFTUH6D 1 apa 50 date desc year Weiss 18 https://rfweiss.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A250%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22C3DMSPXP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hmiel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-07-25%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHmiel%2C%20B.%2C%20Petrenko%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20Buizert%2C%20C.%2C%20Smith%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Dyonisius%2C%20M.%20N.%2C%20Place%2C%20P.%2C%20Yang%2C%20B.%2C%20Hua%2C%20Q.%2C%20Beaudette%2C%20R.%2C%20Severinghaus%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Davidge%2C%20L.%2C%20Diaz%2C%20M.%2C%20Pacicco%2C%20M.%2C%20Menking%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Kalk%2C%20M.%2C%20Fa%26%23xEF%3Bn%2C%20X.%2C%20Adolph%2C%20A.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Murray%2C%20L.%20T.%20%282024%29.%20Characterization%20of%20in%20situ%20cosmogenic%20%3Csup%3E14%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%20CO%20production%2C%20retention%20and%20loss%20in%20firn%20and%20shallow%20ice%20at%20Summit%2C%20Greenland.%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Cryosphere%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E18%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%203363%26%23x2013%3B3382.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Ftc-18-3363-2024%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Ftc-18-3363-2024%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Characterization%20of%20in%20situ%20cosmogenic%20%3Csup%3E14%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%20CO%20production%2C%20retention%20and%20loss%20in%20firn%20and%20shallow%20ice%20at%20Summit%2C%20Greenland%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hmiel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasilii%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petrenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buizert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dyonisius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Place%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Quan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hua%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beaudette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Severinghaus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davidge%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melisa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Diaz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pacicco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Menking%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kalk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xavier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fa%5Cu00efn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alden%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adolph%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isaac%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vimont%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lee%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murray%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract.%20Measurements%20of%20carbon-14-containing%20carbon%20monoxide%20%2814CO%29%20in%20glacial%20ice%20are%20useful%20for%20studies%20of%20the%20past%20oxidative%20capacity%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20as%20well%20as%20for%20reconstructing%20the%20past%20cosmic%20ray%20flux.%20The%2014CO%20abundance%20in%20glacial%20ice%20represents%20the%20combination%20of%20trapped%20atmospheric%2014CO%20and%20in%20situ%20cosmogenic%2014CO.%20The%20systematics%20of%20in%20situ%20cosmogenic%2014CO%20production%20and%20retention%20in%20ice%20are%20not%20fully%20quantified%2C%20posing%20an%20obstacle%20to%20interpretation%20of%20ice%20core%2014CO%20measurements.%20Here%20we%20provide%20the%20first%20comprehensive%20characterization%20of%2014CO%20at%20an%20ice%20accumulation%20site%20%28Summit%2C%20Greenland%29%2C%20including%20measurements%20in%20the%20ice%20grains%20of%20the%20firn%20matrix%2C%20firn%20air%20and%20bubbly%20ice%20below%20the%20firn%20zone.%20The%20results%20are%20interpreted%20with%20the%20aid%20of%20a%20firn%20gas%20transport%20model%20into%20which%20we%20implemented%20in%20situ%20cosmogenic%2014C.%20We%20find%20that%20almost%20all%20%28%5Cu2248%5Cu200999.5%5Cu2009%25%29%20of%20in%20situ%2014CO%20that%20is%20produced%20in%20the%20ice%20grains%20in%20firn%20is%20very%20rapidly%20%28in%20%3C1%5Cu00a0year%29%20lost%20to%20the%20open%20porosity%20and%20from%20there%20mostly%20vented%20to%20the%20atmosphere.%20The%20timescale%20of%20this%20rapid%20loss%20is%20consistent%20with%20what%20is%20expected%20from%20gas%20diffusion%20through%20ice.%20The%20small%20fraction%20of%20in%20situ%2014CO%20that%20initially%20stays%20in%20the%20ice%20grains%20continues%20to%20slowly%20leak%20out%20to%20the%20open%20porosity%20at%20a%20rate%20of%20%5Cu2248%5Cu20090.6%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121.%20Below%20the%20firn%20zone%20we%20observe%20an%20increase%20in%2014CO%20content%20with%20depth%20that%20is%20due%20to%20in%20situ%2014CO%20production%20by%20deep-penetrating%20muons%2C%20confirming%20recent%20estimates%20of%2014CO%20production%20rates%20in%20ice%20via%20the%20muon%20mechanisms%20and%20allowing%20for%20narrowing%20constraints%20on%20these%20production%20rates.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-07-25%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Ftc-18-3363-2024%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221994-0424%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftc.copernicus.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F18%5C%2F3363%5C%2F2024%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WBZK3IXM%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-08-29T22%3A33%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224WKZSJJ6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Liu%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-07-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELiu%2C%20Y.%2C%20Sheng%2C%20J.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20Park%2C%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Reimann%2C%20S.%2C%20Lunder%2C%20C.%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%20%282024%29.%20Increases%20in%20Global%20and%20East%20Asian%20Nitrogen%20Trifluoride%20%28NF%20%3Csub%3E3%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20%29%20Emissions%20Inferred%20from%20Atmospheric%20Observations.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20acs.est.4c04507.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.4c04507%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.4c04507%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Increases%20in%20Global%20and%20East%20Asian%20Nitrogen%20Trifluoride%20%28NF%20%3Csub%3E3%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20%29%20Emissions%20Inferred%20from%20Atmospheric%20Observations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jianxiong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jooil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sunyoung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hyeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lunder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-07-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Facs.est.4c04507%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220013-936X%2C%201520-5851%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.acs.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.4c04507%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-31T22%3A43%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P8GLMZZD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Choi%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-06-26%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChoi%2C%20H.%2C%20Redington%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Park%2C%20H.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Thompson%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Park%2C%20S.%20%282024%29.%20Revealing%20the%20significant%20acceleration%20of%20hydrofluorocarbon%20%28HFC%29%20emissions%20in%20eastern%20Asia%20through%20long-term%20atmospheric%20observations.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E24%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%207309%26%23x2013%3B7330.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-24-7309-2024%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-24-7309-2024%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Revealing%20the%20significant%20acceleration%20of%20hydrofluorocarbon%20%28HFC%29%20emissions%20in%20eastern%20Asia%20through%20long-term%20atmospheric%20observations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Haklim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Choi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alison%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Redington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hyeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jooil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rona%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alistair%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sunyoung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract.%20Hydrofluorocarbons%20%28HFCs%29%20are%20powerful%20anthropogenic%20greenhouse%20gases%20%28GHGs%29%20with%20high%20global-warming%20potentials%20%28GWPs%29.%20They%20have%20been%20widely%20used%20as%20refrigerants%2C%20insulation%20foam-blowing%20agents%2C%20aerosol%20propellants%2C%20and%20fire%20suppression%20agents.%20Since%20the%20mid-1990s%2C%20emissions%20of%20HFCs%20have%20been%20increasing%20rapidly%20as%20they%20are%20used%20in%20many%20applications%20to%20replace%20ozone-depleting%20chlorofluorocarbons%20%28CFCs%29%20and%20hydrochlorofluorocarbons%20%28HCFCs%29%20whose%20consumption%20and%20production%20have%20been%20phased%20out%20under%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20%28MP%29.%20Due%20to%20the%20high%20GWP%20of%20HFCs%2C%20the%20Kigali%20Amendment%20to%20the%20MP%20requires%20the%20phasedown%20of%20production%20and%20consumption%20of%20HFCs%20to%20gradually%20achieve%20an%2080%5Cu2009%25%5Cu201385%5Cu2009%25%20reduction%20by%202047%2C%20starting%20in%202019%20for%20non-Article%205%20%28developed%29%20countries%20with%20a%2010%5Cu2009%25%20reduction%20against%20each%20defined%20baseline%20and%20later%20schedules%20for%20Article%205%20%28developing%29%20countries.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20have%20examined%20long-term%20high-precision%20measurements%20of%20atmospheric%20abundances%20of%20five%20major%20HFCs%20%28HFC-134a%2C%20HFC-143a%2C%20HFC-32%2C%20HFC-125%2C%20and%20HFC-152a%29%20at%20Gosan%20station%2C%20Jeju%20Island%2C%20South%20Korea%2C%20from%202008%20to%202020.%20Background%20abundances%20of%20HFCs%20gradually%20increased%2C%20and%20the%20inflow%20of%20polluted%20air%20masses%20with%20elevated%20abundances%20from%20surrounding%20source%20regions%20were%20detected%20over%20the%20entire%20period.%20From%20these%20pollution%20events%2C%20we%20inferred%20regional%20and%20country-specific%20HFC%20emission%20estimates%20using%20two%20independent%20Lagrangian%20particle%20dispersion%20models%20and%20Bayesian%20inversion%20frameworks%20%28FLEXPART-FLEXINVERT%2B%20and%20NAME-InTEM%29.%20The%20spatial%20distribution%20of%20the%20derived%20%5Cu201ctop-down%5Cu201d%20%28measurement%20based%29%20emissions%20for%20all%20HFCs%20shows%20large%20fluxes%20from%20megacities%20and%20industrial%20areas%20in%20the%20region.%20Our%20most%20important%20finding%20is%20that%20HFC%20emissions%20in%20eastern%20China%20and%20Japan%20have%20sharply%20increased%20from%202016%20to%202018.%20The%20contribution%20of%20East%20Asian%20HFC%20emissions%20to%20the%20global%20total%20increased%20from%209%5Cu2009%25%20%282008%5Cu20132014%29%20to%2013%5Cu2009%25%20%282016%5Cu20132020%29.%20In%20particular%2C%20HFC%20emissions%20in%20Japan%20%28Annex%20I%20country%29%20rose%20rapidly%20from%202016%20onward%2C%20with%20accumulated%20total%20inferred%20HFC%20emissions%20being%20%5Cu223c%5Cu2009114%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%2C%20which%20is%20%5Cu223c%5Cu200976%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20higher%20for%202016%5Cu20132020%20than%20the%20%5Cu201cbottom-up%5Cu201d%20%28i.e.%2C%20based%20on%20activity%20data%20and%20emission%20factors%29%20emissions%20of%20%5Cu223c%5Cu200938%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20reported%20to%20the%20United%20Nations%20Framework%20Convention%20on%20Climate%20Change%20%28UNFCCC%29.%20This%20is%20likely%20related%20to%20the%20increase%20in%20domestic%20demand%20in%20Japan%20for%20refrigerants%20and%20air-conditioning-system-related%20products%20and%20incomplete%20accounting.%20A%20downward%20trend%20of%20HFC%20emissions%20that%20started%20in%202019%20reflects%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20the%20F-gas%20policy%20in%20Japan.%20Eastern%20China%20and%20South%20Korea%2C%20though%20not%20obligated%20to%20report%20to%20the%20UNFCCC%2C%20voluntarily%20reported%20emissions%2C%20which%20also%20show%20differences%20between%20top-down%20and%20bottom-up%20emission%20estimates%2C%20demonstrating%20the%20need%20for%20atmospheric%20measurements%2C%20comprehensive%20data%20analysis%2C%20and%20accurate%20reporting%20for%20precise%20emission%20management.%20Further%2C%20the%20proportional%20contribution%20of%20each%20country%27s%20CO2-equivalent%20HFC%20emissions%20has%20changed%20over%20time%2C%20with%20HFC-134a%20decreasing%20and%20HFC-125%20increasing.%20This%20demonstrates%20the%20transition%20in%20the%20predominant%20HFC%20substances%20contributing%20to%20global%20warming%20in%20each%20country.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-06-26%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-24-7309-2024%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7324%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facp.copernicus.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F24%5C%2F7309%5C%2F2024%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-03T22%3A46%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222KB4GHBY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-06-14%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWang%2C%20Y.%2C%20An%2C%20M.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Hu%2C%20J.%2C%20Zhao%2C%20X.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Yao%2C%20B.%20%282024%29.%20Rising%20Perfluorocyclobutane%20%28PFC-318%2C%20%3Ci%3Ec%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20-C%20%3Csub%3E4%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20F%20%3Csub%3E8%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20%29%20Emissions%20in%20China%20from%202011%20to%202020%20Inferred%20from%20Atmospheric%20Observations.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20acs.est.3c10325.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.3c10325%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.3c10325%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rising%20Perfluorocyclobutane%20%28PFC-318%2C%20%3Ci%3Ec%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20-C%20%3Csub%3E4%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20F%20%3Csub%3E8%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20%29%20Emissions%20in%20China%20from%202011%20to%202020%20Inferred%20from%20Atmospheric%20Observations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yinuo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Minde%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22An%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jianxin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xingchen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yao%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-06-14%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Facs.est.3c10325%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220013-936X%2C%201520-5851%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.acs.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.3c10325%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-06-25T21%3A13%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227IWI6R5Y%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Western%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-06-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWestern%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Daniel%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Clingan%2C%20S.%2C%20Crotwell%2C%20M.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Hall%2C%20B.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Stanley%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20Reimann%2C%20S.%2C%20Vimont%2C%20I.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Montzka%2C%20S.%20A.%20%282024%29.%20A%20decrease%20in%20radiative%20forcing%20and%20equivalent%20effective%20chlorine%20from%20hydrochlorofluorocarbons.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Climate%20Change%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41558-024-02038-7%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41558-024-02038-7%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20decrease%20in%20radiative%20forcing%20and%20equivalent%20effective%20chlorine%20from%20hydrochlorofluorocarbons%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clingan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Molly%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crotwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anita%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brad%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kieran%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isaac%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vimont%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matt%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20Montreal%20Protocol%20and%20its%20successive%20amendments%20have%20been%20successful%20in%20curbing%20emissions%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances%20and%20potent%20greenhouse%20gases%20via%20production%5C%2Fconsumption%20controls.%20Here%20we%20show%20that%20the%20radiative%20forcing%20and%20equivalent%20effective%20chlorine%20from%20hydrochlorofluorocarbons%20has%20decreased%20from%2061.75%5Cu2009mW%5Cu2009m%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu2212%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20and%20321.69%5Cu2009ppt%2C%20respectively%2C%20since%202021%2C%205%5Cu2009years%20before%20the%20most%20recent%20projected%20decrease.%20This%20important%20milestone%20demonstrates%20the%20benefits%20of%20the%20Protocol%20for%20mitigating%20climate%20change%20and%20stratospheric%20ozone%20layer%20loss.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-06-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41558-024-02038-7%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221758-678X%2C%201758-6798%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41558-024-02038-7%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-06-25T21%3A12%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229XTFNWIG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22An%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-03-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAn%2C%20M.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Zhao%2C%20X.%2C%20Yao%2C%20B.%2C%20Hu%2C%20J.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rigby%2C%20M.%20%282024%29.%20Sustained%20growth%20of%20sulfur%20hexafluoride%20emissions%20in%20China%20inferred%20from%20atmospheric%20observations.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Communications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E15%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%201997.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-024-46084-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-024-46084-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sustained%20growth%20of%20sulfur%20hexafluoride%20emissions%20in%20China%20inferred%20from%20atmospheric%20observations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Minde%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22An%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xingchen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jianxin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anita%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Sulfur%20hexafluoride%20%28SF%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%206%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20is%20a%20potent%20greenhouse%20gas.%20Here%20we%20use%20long-term%20atmospheric%20observations%20to%20determine%20SF%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%206%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20emissions%20from%20China%20between%202011%20and%202021%2C%20which%20are%20used%20to%20evaluate%20the%20Chinese%20national%20SF%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%206%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20emission%20inventory%20and%20to%20better%20understand%20the%20global%20SF%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%206%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20budget.%20SF%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%206%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20emissions%20in%20China%20substantially%20increased%20from%202.6%20%282.3-2.7%2C%2068%25%20uncertainty%29%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu22121%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20in%202011%20to%205.1%20%284.8-5.4%29%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu22121%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20in%202021.%20The%20increase%20from%20China%20is%20larger%20than%20the%20global%20total%20emissions%20rise%2C%20implying%20that%20it%20has%20offset%20falling%20emissions%20from%20other%20countries.%20Emissions%20in%20the%20less-populated%20western%20regions%20of%20China%2C%20which%20have%20potentially%20not%20been%20well%20quantified%20in%20previous%20measurement-based%20estimates%2C%20contribute%20significantly%20to%20the%20national%20SF%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%206%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20emissions%2C%20likely%20due%20to%20substantial%20power%20generation%20and%20transmission%20in%20that%20area.%20The%20CO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-eq%20emissions%20of%20SF%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%206%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20in%20China%20in%202021%20were%20125%20%28117-132%29%20million%20tonnes%20%28Mt%29%2C%20comparable%20to%20the%20national%20total%20CO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20emissions%20of%20several%20countries%20such%20as%20the%5Cu00a0Netherlands%20or%20Nigeria.%20The%20increasing%20SF%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%206%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20emissions%20offset%20some%20of%20the%20CO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20reductions%20achieved%20through%20transitioning%20to%20renewable%20energy%20in%20the%20power%20industry%2C%20and%20might%20hinder%20progress%20towards%20achieving%20China%5Cu2019s%20goal%20of%20carbon%20neutrality%20by%202060%20if%20no%20concrete%20control%20measures%20are%20implemented.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-03-05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41467-024-46084-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222041-1723%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41467-024-46084-3%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-04-29T22%3A38%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2253FUJLC6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thompson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-01-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThompson%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20Montzka%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Arduini%2C%20J.%2C%20Crotwell%2C%20M.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Lunder%2C%20C.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Reimann%2C%20S.%2C%20Vimont%2C%20I.%2C%20Wang%2C%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Young%2C%20D.%20%282024%29.%20Estimation%20of%20the%20atmospheric%20hydroxyl%20radical%20oxidative%20capacity%20using%20multiple%20hydrofluorocarbons%20%28HFCs%29.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E24%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%201415%26%23x2013%3B1427.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-24-1415-2024%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-24-1415-2024%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Estimation%20of%20the%20atmospheric%20hydroxyl%20radical%20oxidative%20capacity%20using%20multiple%20hydrofluorocarbons%20%28HFCs%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rona%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jgor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arduini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Molly%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crotwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lunder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isaac%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vimont%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hsiang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract.%20The%20hydroxyl%20radical%20%28OH%29%20largely%20determines%20the%20atmosphere%27s%20oxidative%20capacity%20and%2C%20thus%2C%20the%20lifetimes%20of%20numerous%20trace%20gases%2C%20including%20methane%20%28CH4%29.%20Hitherto%2C%20observation-based%20approaches%20for%20estimating%20the%20atmospheric%20oxidative%20capacity%20have%20primarily%20relied%20on%20using%20methyl%20chloroform%20%28MCF%29%2C%20but%20as%20the%20atmospheric%20abundance%20of%20MCF%20has%20declined%2C%20the%20uncertainties%20associated%20with%20this%20method%20have%20increased.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20examine%20the%20use%20of%20five%20hydrofluorocarbons%20%28HFCs%29%20%28HFC-134a%2C%20HFC-152a%2C%20HFC-365mfc%2C%20HFC-245fa%2C%20and%20HFC-32%29%20in%20multi-species%20inversions%2C%20which%20assimilate%20three%20HFCs%20simultaneously%2C%20as%20an%20alternative%20method%20to%20estimate%20atmospheric%20OH.%20We%20find%20robust%20estimates%20of%20OH%20regardless%20of%20which%20combination%20of%20the%20three%20HFCs%20are%20used%20in%20the%20inversions.%20Our%20results%20show%20that%20OH%20has%20remained%20fairly%20stable%20during%20our%20study%20period%20from%202004%20to%202021%2C%20with%20variations%20of%20%3C%5Cu20092%5Cu2009%25%20and%20no%20significant%20trend.%20Inversions%20including%20HFC-32%20and%20HFC-152a%20%28the%20shortest-lived%20species%29%20indicate%20a%20small%20reduction%20in%20OH%20in%202020%20%281.6%5Cu00b10.9%5Cu2009%25%20relative%20to%20the%20mean%20over%202004%5Cu20132021%20and%200.6%5Cu00b10.9%5Cu2009%25%20lower%20than%20in%202019%29%2C%20but%20considering%20all%20inversions%2C%20the%20reduction%20was%20only%200.5%5Cu00b11.1%5Cu2009%25%2C%20and%20OH%20was%20at%20a%20similar%20level%20to%20that%20in%202019.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-01-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-24-1415-2024%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7324%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facp.copernicus.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F24%5C%2F1415%5C%2F2024%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-01T16%3A05%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22U3HQF7QR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22An%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-09-19%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAn%2C%20M.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Hu%2C%20J.%2C%20Yao%2C%20B.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Hossaini%2C%20R.%2C%20Fang%2C%20X.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rigby%2C%20M.%20%282023%29.%20Anthropogenic%20Chloroform%20Emissions%20from%20China%20Drive%20Changes%20in%20Global%20Emissions.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E57%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2837%29%2C%2013925%26%23x2013%3B13936.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.3c01898%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.3c01898%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Anthropogenic%20Chloroform%20Emissions%20from%20China%20Drive%20Changes%20in%20Global%20Emissions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Minde%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22An%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jianxin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anita%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hossaini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xuekun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-09-19%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Facs.est.3c01898%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220013-936X%2C%201520-5851%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.acs.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.3c01898%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-10-20T17%3A42%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22J2KHG25R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Park%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-08-25%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPark%2C%20H.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Choi%2C%20H.%2C%20Geum%2C%20S.%2C%20Kim%2C%20Y.%2C%20Thompson%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Stanley%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Simmonds%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Park%2C%20S.%20%282023%29.%20A%20rise%20in%20HFC-23%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20Asia%20since%202015.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2816%29%2C%209401%26%23x2013%3B9411.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-23-9401-2023%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-23-9401-2023%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20rise%20in%20HFC-23%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20Asia%20since%202015%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hyeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jooil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Haklim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Choi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sohyeon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yeaseul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rona%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kieran%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sunyoung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract.%20Trifluoromethane%20%28CHF3%2C%20HFC-23%29%2C%20one%20of%20the%20most%20potent%20greenhouse%20gases%20among%20hydrofluorocarbons%20%28HFCs%29%2C%20is%20mainly%20emitted%20to%20the%20atmosphere%20as%20a%20by-product%20in%20the%20production%20of%20the%20ozone-depleting%20legacy%20refrigerant%20and%20chemical%20feedstock%20chlorodifluoromethane%20%28CHClF2%2C%20HCFC-22%29.%20A%20recent%20study%20on%20atmospheric%20observation-based%20global%20HFC-23%20emissions%20%28top-down%20estimates%29%20showed%20significant%20discrepancies%20over%202014%5Cu20132017%20between%20the%20increase%20in%20the%20observation-derived%20emissions%20and%20the%2087%5Cu2009%25%20emission%20reduction%20expected%20from%20capture%20and%20destruction%20processes%20of%20HFC-23%20at%20HCFC-22%20production%20facilities%20implemented%20by%20national%20phase-out%20plans%20%28bottom-up%20emission%20estimates%29%20%28Stanley%20et%20al.%2C%202020%29.%20However%2C%20the%20actual%5Cnregions%20responsible%20for%20the%20increased%20emissions%20were%20not%20identified.%20Here%2C%5Cnwe%20estimate%20the%20regional%20top-down%20emissions%20of%20HFC-23%20for%20eastern%20Asia%20based%20on%20in%20situ%20measurements%20at%20Gosan%2C%20South%20Korea%2C%20and%20show%20that%20the%20HFC-23%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China%20have%20increased%20from%205.0%5Cu00b10.4%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20in%202008%20to%209.5%5Cu00b11.0%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20in%202019.%20The%20continuous%20rise%20since%202015%20was%20contrary%20to%20the%20large%20emissions%20reduction%20reported%20under%20the%20Chinese%20hydrochlorofluorocarbons%20production%20phase-out%20management%20plan%20%28HPPMP%29.%20The%20cumulative%20difference%20between%20top-down%20and%20bottom-up%20estimates%20for%202015%5Cu20132019%20in%20eastern%20China%20was%20%5Cu223c23.7%5Cu00b13.6%5Cu2009Gg%2C%20which%20accounts%20for%2047%5Cu00b111%5Cu2009%25%20of%20the%20global%20mismatch.%20Our%20analysis%20based%20on%20HCFC-22%20production%20information%20suggests%20the%20HFC-23%20emissions%20rise%20in%20eastern%20China%20is%20more%20likely%20associated%20with%20known%20HCFC-22%20production%20facilities%20rather%20than%20the%20existence%20of%20unreported%2C%20unknown%20HCFC-22%20production%2C%20and%20thus%20observed%20discrepancies%20between%20top-down%20and%20bottom-up%20emissions%20could%20be%20attributed%20to%20unsuccessful%20factory-level%20HFC-23%20abatement%20and%20inaccurate%20quantification%20of%20emission%20reductions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-08-25%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-23-9401-2023%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7324%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facp.copernicus.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F23%5C%2F9401%5C%2F2023%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-01T16%3A05%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PTGDQTNM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Redington%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-07-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERedington%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Henne%2C%20S.%2C%20Graziosi%2C%20F.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Arduini%2C%20J.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Maione%2C%20M.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Pitt%2C%20J.%2C%20Reimann%2C%20S.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Simmonds%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20Spain%2C%20T.%20G.%2C%20Stanley%2C%20K.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Young%2C%20D.%20%282023%29.%20Western%20European%20emission%20estimates%20of%20CFC-11%2C%20CFC-12%20and%20CCl%20%3Csub%3E4%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20derived%20from%20atmospheric%20measurements%20from%202008%20to%202021.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2813%29%2C%207383%26%23x2013%3B7398.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-23-7383-2023%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-23-7383-2023%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Western%20European%20emission%20estimates%20of%20CFC-11%2C%20CFC-12%20and%20CCl%20%3Csub%3E4%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20derived%20from%20atmospheric%20measurements%20from%202008%20to%202021%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alison%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Redington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alistair%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francesco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Graziosi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jgor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arduini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anita%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maione%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20Gerard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kieran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract.%20Production%20and%20consumption%20of%20CFC-11%20%28trichlorofluoromethane%2C%20CCl3F%29%2C%20CFC-12%20%28dichlorodifluoromethane%2C%20CCl2F2%29%20and%20CCl4%20%28carbon%20tetrachloride%29%20are%20controlled%20under%20the%20regulations%20of%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20and%20have%20been%20phased%20out%20globally%20since%202010.%20Only%20CCl4%20is%20still%20widely%20produced%20as%20a%20chemical%20feedstock.%20After%202010%2C%20emissions%20of%20CFC-11%20and%20CFC-12%20should%20therefore%20mostly%20originate%20from%20existing%20banks%20%28e.g.%20from%20foams%2C%20mobile%20air%20conditioning%20units%20and%20refrigerators%29%3B%20however%20evidence%20has%20emerged%20of%20an%20increase%20in%20global%20emissions%20of%20CFC-11%20in%20the%20last%20decade%2C%20some%20of%20which%20has%20not%20been%20fully%20accounted%20for.%20The%20motivation%20for%20this%20work%20was%20to%20assess%20the%20emissions%20of%20CFC-11%2C%20CFC-12%20and%20CCl4%20from%20western%20Europe.%20All%20countries%20in%20this%20region%20have%20been%20subject%20to%20the%20controls%20of%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20since%20the%20late%201980s%20and%2C%20as%20non-Article%205%20Parties%2C%20have%20been%20prohibited%20from%20producing%20CFCs%20and%20CCl4%20for%20dispersive%20use%20since%201996.%20Four%20different%20inverse%20modelling%20systems%20are%20used%20to%20estimate%20emissions%20of%20these%20gases%20from%202008%20to%202021%20using%20data%20from%20four%20atmospheric%20measurement%20stations%3A%20Mace%20Head%20%28Ireland%29%2C%20Jungfraujoch%20%28Switzerland%29%2C%20Monte%20Cimone%20%28Italy%29%20and%20Tacolneston%20%28UK%29.%20The%20average%20of%20the%20four%20model%20studies%20found%20that%20western%20European%20emissions%20of%20CFC-11%2C%20CFC-12%20and%20CCl4%20between%202008%20and%202021%20were%20declining%20at%203.5%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20%282.7%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%5Cu20134.8%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%29%2C%207.7%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20%286.3%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%5Cu20138.0%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%29%20and%204.4%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20%282.6%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%5Cu20136.4%5Cu2009%25%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%29%2C%20respectively.%20Even%20though%20the%20emissions%20were%20declining%20throughout%20the%20period%2C%20the%20area%20including%20northern%20France%2C%20Belgium%2C%20the%20Netherlands%20and%20Luxembourg%20showed%20consistently%20elevated%20emissions%20of%20CFC-11%20compared%20with%20the%20surrounding%20regions.%20Emissions%20of%20CFC-12%20were%20slightly%20elevated%20in%20the%20same%20region.%20CCl4%20emissions%20were%20the%20highest%20in%20the%20south%20of%20France.%20France%20had%20the%20highest%20emissions%20of%20all%20three%20gases%20over%20the%20period%202008%5Cu20132021.%20Emissions%20from%20western%20Europe%20%282008%5Cu20132021%29%20were%20on%20average%202.4%5Cu2009%5Cu00b1%5Cu20090.4%5Cu2009Gg%20%28CFC-11%29%2C%201.3%5Cu2009%5Cu00b1%5Cu20090.3%5Cu2009Gg%20%28CFC-12%29%20and%200.9%5Cu2009%5Cu00b1%5Cu20090.2%5Cu2009Gg%20%28CCl4%29.%20Our%20estimated%20decline%20in%20emissions%20of%20CFC-11%20is%20consistent%20with%20a%20western%20European%20bank%20release%20rate%20of%203.4%5Cu2009%25%20%282.6%5Cu2009%25%5Cu20134.5%5Cu2009%25%29.%20This%20study%20concludes%20that%20emissions%20of%20CFC-11%2C%20CFC-12%20and%20CCl4%20have%20all%20declined%20from%202008%20to%202021%20in%20western%20Europe.%20Therefore%2C%20no%20evidence%20is%20found%20that%20western%20European%20emissions%20contributed%20to%20the%20unexplained%20part%20of%20the%20global%20increase%20in%20atmospheric%20concentrations%20of%20CFC-11%20observed%20in%20the%20last%20decade.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-07-05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-23-7383-2023%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7324%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facp.copernicus.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F23%5C%2F7383%5C%2F2023%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-08-15T00%3A40%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225WFNHEZE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Yadav%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-03-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EYadav%2C%20V.%2C%20Verhulst%2C%20K.%2C%20Duren%2C%20R.%2C%20Thorpe%2C%20A.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Keeling%2C%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Cusworth%2C%20D.%2C%20Mountain%2C%20M.%2C%20Miller%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Whetstone%2C%20J.%20%282023%29.%20A%20declining%20trend%20of%20methane%20emissions%20in%20the%20Los%20Angeles%20basin%20from%202015%20to%202020.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E18%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20034004.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2Facb6a9%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2Facb6a9%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20declining%20trend%20of%20methane%20emissions%20in%20the%20Los%20Angeles%20basin%20from%202015%20to%202020%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vineet%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yadav%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verhulst%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Riley%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thorpe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jooil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ralph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keeling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cusworth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marikate%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mountain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whetstone%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20Los%20Angeles%20%28LA%29%20basin%20was%20responsible%20for%20approximately%2020%25%20of%20California%5Cu2019s%20methane%20emissions%20in%202016.%20Hence%2C%20curtailment%20of%20these%20emissions%20is%20required%20to%20meet%20California%5Cu2019s%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%20reduction%20targets.%20However%2C%20effective%20mitigation%20remains%20challenging%20in%20the%20presence%20of%20diverse%20methane%20sources%20like%20oil%20and%20gas%20production%20fields%2C%20refineries%2C%20landfills%2C%20wastewater%20treatment%20facilities%2C%20and%20natural%20gas%20infrastructure.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20study%20the%20temporal%20variability%20in%20the%20surface%20concentrations%20from%20February%202015%20to%20April%202022%20to%20detect%20a%20declining%20trend%20in%20methane%20emissions.%20We%20quantify%20the%20reduction%20due%20to%20this%20declining%20trend%20through%20inverse%20modeling%20and%20show%20that%20methane%20emissions%20in%20the%20LA%20basin%20have%20declined%20by%2015%20Gg%2C%20or%20%5Cu223c7%25%20over%20five%20years%20from%20January%202015%20to%20May%202020.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-03-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2Facb6a9%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221748-9326%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fiopscience.iop.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2Facb6a9%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22EU5YC9TT%22%2C%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-10T19%3A31%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TBIZC4EJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dyonisius%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-02-20%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDyonisius%2C%20M.%20N.%2C%20Petrenko%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20Smith%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Hmiel%2C%20B.%2C%20Neff%2C%20P.%20D.%2C%20Yang%2C%20B.%2C%20Hua%2C%20Q.%2C%20Schmitt%2C%20J.%2C%20Shackleton%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Buizert%2C%20C.%2C%20Place%2C%20P.%20F.%2C%20Menking%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Beaudette%2C%20R.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%2C%20Kalk%2C%20M.%2C%20Roop%2C%20H.%20A.%2C%20Bereiter%2C%20B.%2C%20Armanetti%2C%20C.%2C%20Vimont%2C%20I.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20McConnell%2C%20J.%20R.%20%282023%29.%20Using%20ice%20core%20measurements%20from%20Taylor%20Glacier%2C%20Antarctica%2C%20to%20calibrate%20in%20situ%20cosmogenic%20%3Csup%3E14%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%20C%20production%20rates%20by%20muons.%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Cryosphere%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E17%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20843%26%23x2013%3B863.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Ftc-17-843-2023%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Ftc-17-843-2023%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Using%20ice%20core%20measurements%20from%20Taylor%20Glacier%2C%20Antarctica%2C%20to%20calibrate%20in%20situ%20cosmogenic%20%3Csup%3E14%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%20C%20production%20rates%20by%20muons%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dyonisius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasilii%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petrenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hmiel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Quan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hua%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jochen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shackleton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buizert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Place%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Menking%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beaudette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kalk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Heidi%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roop%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bernhard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bereiter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Casey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Armanetti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isaac%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vimont%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sylvia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Englund%20Michel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Edward%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brook%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Severinghaus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McConnell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract.%20Cosmic%20rays%20entering%20the%20Earth%27s%20atmosphere%20produce%20showers%20of%20secondary%20particles%20such%20as%20protons%2C%20neutrons%2C%20and%20muons.%20The%20interaction%20of%20these%20particles%20with%20oxygen-16%20%2816O%29%20in%20minerals%20such%20as%20ice%20and%20quartz%20can%20produce%20carbon-14%20%2814C%29.%20In%20glacial%20ice%2C%2014C%20is%20also%20incorporated%20through%20trapping%20of%2014C-containing%20atmospheric%20gases%20%2814CO2%2C%2014CO%2C%20and%2014CH4%29.%20Understanding%20the%20production%20rates%20of%20in%20situ%20cosmogenic%2014C%20is%20important%20to%20deconvolve%20the%20in%20situ%20cosmogenic%20and%20atmospheric%2014C%20signals%20in%20ice%2C%20both%20of%20which%20contain%20valuable%20paleoenvironmental%20information.%20Unfortunately%2C%20the%20in%20situ%2014C%20production%20rates%20by%20muons%20%28which%20are%20the%20dominant%20production%20mechanism%20at%20depths%20of%20%3E6%5Cu2009m%20solid%20ice%20equivalent%29%20are%20uncertain.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20use%20measurements%20of%20in%20situ%2014C%20in%20ancient%20ice%20%28%3E50%5Cu2009ka%29%20from%20the%20Taylor%20Glacier%2C%20an%20ablation%20site%20in%20Antarctica%2C%20in%20combination%20with%20a%202D%20ice%20flow%20model%20to%20better%20constrain%20the%20compound-specific%20rates%20of%2014C%20production%20by%20muons%20and%20the%20partitioning%20of%20in%20situ%2014C%20between%20CO2%2C%20CO%2C%20and%20CH4.%20Our%20measurements%20show%20that%2033.7%5Cu2009%25%20%28%5Cu00b111.4%5Cu2009%25%3B%2095%5Cu2009%25%20confidence%20interval%29%20of%20the%20produced%20cosmogenic%2014C%20forms%2014CO%20and%2066.1%5Cu2009%25%20%28%5Cu00b111.5%5Cu2009%25%3B%2095%5Cu2009%25%20confidence%20interval%29%20of%20the%20produced%20cosmogenic%2014C%20forms%2014CO2.%2014CH4%20represents%20a%20very%20small%20fraction%20%28%3C0.3%5Cu2009%25%29%20of%20the%20total.%20Assuming%20that%20the%20majority%20of%20in%20situ%20muogenic%2014C%20in%20ice%20forms%2014CO2%2C%2014CO%2C%20and%2014CH4%2C%20we%20also%20calculated%20muogenic%2014C%20production%20rates%20that%20are%20lower%20by%20factors%20of%205.7%20%283.6%5Cu201313.9%3B%2095%5Cu2009%25%20confidence%20interval%29%20and%203.7%20%282.0%5Cu201311.9%3B%2095%5Cu2009%25%20confidence%20interval%29%20for%20negative%20muon%20capture%20and%20fast%20muon%20interactions%2C%20respectively%2C%20when%20compared%20to%20values%20determined%20in%20quartz%20from%20laboratory%20studies%20%28Heisinger%20et%20al.%2C%202002a%2C%20b%29%20and%20in%20a%20natural%20setting%20%28Lupker%20et%20al.%2C%202015%29.%20This%20apparent%20discrepancy%20in%20muogenic%2014C%20production%20rates%20in%20ice%20and%20quartz%20currently%20lacks%20a%20good%20explanation%20and%20requires%20further%20investigation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-02-20%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Ftc-17-843-2023%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221994-0424%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftc.copernicus.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F17%5C%2F843%5C%2F2023%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WBZK3IXM%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-17T22%3A33%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XPA62P5Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Western%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWestern%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Adcock%2C%20K.%20E.%2C%20Crotwell%2C%20M.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Langenfelds%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20Montzka%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Oram%2C%20D.%20E.%2C%20Reimann%2C%20S.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Vimont%2C%20I.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Laube%2C%20J.%20C.%20%282023%29.%20Global%20increase%20of%20ozone-depleting%20chlorofluorocarbons%20from%202010%20to%202020.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Geoscience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E16%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20309%26%23x2013%3B313.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41561-023-01147-w%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41561-023-01147-w%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Global%20increase%20of%20ozone-depleting%20chlorofluorocarbons%20from%202010%20to%202020%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karina%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adcock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Molly%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crotwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Langenfelds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oram%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matt%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isaac%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vimont%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Johannes%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laube%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2204%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41561-023-01147-w%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221752-0894%2C%201752-0908%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41561-023-01147-w%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-07-17T21%3A16%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YUFWTEDJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Stell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EStell%2C%20A.%20C.%2C%20Bertolacci%2C%20M.%2C%20Zammit-Mangion%2C%20A.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Lan%2C%20X.%2C%20Manizza%2C%20M.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%20%282022%29.%20Modelling%20the%20growth%20of%20atmospheric%20nitrous%20oxide%20using%20a%20global%20hierarchical%20inversion.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E22%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2819%29%2C%2012945%26%23x2013%3B12960.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-12945-2022%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-12945-2022%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Modelling%20the%20growth%20of%20atmospheric%20nitrous%20oxide%20using%20a%20global%20hierarchical%20inversion%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bertolacci%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zammit-Mangion%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manizza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Nitrous%20oxide%20is%20a%20potent%20greenhouse%20gas%20%28GHG%29%20and%20ozone-depleting%20substance%2C%20whose%20atmospheric%20abundance%20has%20risen%20throughout%20the%20contemporary%20record.%20In%20this%20work%2C%20we%20carry%20out%20the%20first%20global%20hierarchical%20Bayesian%20inversion%20to%20solve%20for%20nitrous%20oxide%20emissions%2C%20which%20includes%20prior%20emissions%20with%20truncated%20Gaussian%20distributions%20and%20Gaussian%20model%20errors%2C%20in%20order%20to%20examine%20the%20drivers%20of%20the%20atmospheric%20surface%20growth%20rate.%20We%20show%20that%20both%20emissions%20and%20climatic%20variability%20are%20key%20drivers%20of%20variations%20in%20the%20surface%20nitrous%20oxide%20growth%20rate%20between%202011%20and%202020.%20We%20derive%20increasing%20global%20nitrous%20oxide%20emissions%2C%20which%20are%20mainly%20driven%20by%20emissions%20between%200%20and%2030%20degrees%20N%2C%20with%20the%20highest%20emissions%20recorded%20in%202020.%20Our%20mean%20global%20total%20emissions%20for%202011-2020%20of%2017.2%20%2816.7-17.7%20at%20the%2095%20%25%20credible%20intervals%29%20Tg%20N%20yr%28-1%29%2C%20comprising%20of%2012.0%20%2811.2-12.8%29%20Tg%20N%20yr%28-1%29%20from%20land%20and%205.2%20%284.5-5.9%29%20Tg%20N%20yr%28-1%29%20from%20ocean%2C%20agrees%20well%20with%20previous%20studies%2C%20but%20we%20find%20that%20emissions%20are%20poorly%20constrained%20for%20some%20regions%20of%20the%20world%2C%20particularly%20for%20the%20oceans.%20The%20prior%20emissions%20used%20in%20this%20and%20other%20previous%20work%20exhibit%20a%20seasonal%20cycle%20in%20the%20extra-tropical%20Northern%20Hemisphere%20that%20is%20out%20of%20phase%20with%20the%20posterior%20solution%2C%20and%20there%20is%20a%20substantial%20zonal%20redistribution%20of%20emissions%20from%20the%20prior%20to%20the%20posterior.%20Correctly%20characterizing%20the%20uncertainties%20in%20the%20system%2C%20for%20example%20in%20the%20prior%20emission%20fields%2C%20is%20crucial%20for%20deriving%20posterior%20fluxes%20that%20are%20consistent%20with%20observations.%20In%20this%20hierarchical%20inversion%2C%20the%20model-measurement%20discrepancy%20and%20the%20prior%20flux%20uncertainty%20are%20informed%20by%20the%20data%2C%20rather%20than%20solely%20through%20%5C%22expert%20judgement%5C%22.%20We%20show%20cases%20where%20this%20framework%20provides%20different%20plausible%20adjustments%20to%20the%20prior%20fluxes%20compared%20to%20inversions%20using%20widely%20adopted%2C%20fixed%20uncertainty%20constraints.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Oct%202022%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-22-12945-2022%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7316%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%2C%22TY2S6GRV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-21T21%3A30%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BVK5RU8C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Western%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-07-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWestern%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Redington%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Trudinger%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Hu%2C%20L.%2C%20Henne%2C%20S.%2C%20Fang%2C%20X.%2C%20Kuijpers%2C%20L.%20J.%20M.%2C%20Theodoridi%2C%20C.%2C%20Godwin%2C%20D.%20S.%2C%20Arduini%2C%20J.%2C%20Dunse%2C%20B.%2C%20Engel%2C%20A.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Maione%2C%20M.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Rigby%2C%20M.%20%282022%29.%20A%20renewed%20rise%20in%20global%20HCFC-141b%20emissions%20between%202017%26%23x2013%3B2021.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E22%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2814%29%2C%209601%26%23x2013%3B9616.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-9601-2022%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-9601-2022%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20renewed%20rise%20in%20global%20HCFC-141b%20emissions%20between%202017%5Cu20132021%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alison%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Redington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alistair%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cathy%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trudinger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xuekun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lambert%20J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kuijpers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Theodoridi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Godwin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jgor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arduini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bronwyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dunse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andreas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Engel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maione%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hyeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sunyoung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Say%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Roland%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmidt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tanja%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schuck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siso%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kieran%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isaac%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vimont%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract.%20Global%20emissions%20of%20the%20ozone-depleting%20gas%20HCFC-141b%20%281%2C1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane%2C%20CH3CCl2F%29%20derived%20from%20measurements%20of%20atmospheric%20mole%20fractions%20increased%20between%202017%20and%202021%20despite%20a%20fall%20in%20reported%20production%20and%20consumption%20of%20HCFC-141b%20for%20dispersive%20uses.%5CnHCFC-141b%20is%20a%20controlled%20substance%20under%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%2C%20and%20its%20phase-out%20is%20currently%20underway%2C%20after%20a%20peak%20in%20reported%20consumption%20and%20production%20in%20developing%20%28Article%205%29%20countries%20in%202013.%5CnIf%20reported%20production%20and%20consumption%20are%20correct%2C%20our%20study%20suggests%20that%20the%202017%5Cu20132021%20rise%20is%20due%20to%20an%20increase%20in%20emissions%20from%20the%20bank%20when%20appliances%20containing%20HCFC-141b%20reach%20the%20end%20of%20their%20life%2C%20or%20from%20production%20of%20HCFC-141b%20not%20reported%20for%20dispersive%20uses.%5CnRegional%20emissions%20have%20been%20estimated%20between%202017%5Cu20132020%20for%20all%20regions%20where%20measurements%20have%20sufficient%20sensitivity%20to%20emissions.%5CnThis%20includes%20the%20regions%20of%20northwestern%20Europe%2C%20east%20Asia%2C%20the%20United%20States%20and%20Australia%2C%20where%20emissions%20decreased%20by%20a%20total%20of%202.3%5Cu2009%5Cu00b1%5Cu20094.6%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%2C%20compared%20to%20a%20mean%20global%20increase%20of%203.0%5Cu2009%5Cu00b1%5Cu20091.2%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20over%20the%20same%20period.%5CnCollectively%20these%20regions%20only%20account%20for%20around%2030%5Cu2009%25%20of%20global%20emissions%20in%202020.%5CnWe%20are%20not%20able%20to%20pinpoint%20the%20source%20regions%20or%20specific%20activities%20responsible%20for%20the%20recent%20global%20emission%20rise.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-07-28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-22-9601-2022%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7324%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facp.copernicus.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F22%5C%2F9601%5C%2F2022%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T20%3A51%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22R8JS6XGN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Velders%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVelders%2C%20G.%20J.%20M.%2C%20Daniel%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Montzka%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Vimont%2C%20I.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Young%2C%20D.%20%282022%29.%20Projections%20of%20hydrofluorocarbon%20%28HFC%29%20emissions%20and%20the%20resulting%20global%20warming%20based%20on%20recent%20trends%20in%20observed%20abundances%20and%20current%20policies.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E22%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%206087%26%23x2013%3B6101.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-6087-2022%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-6087-2022%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Projections%20of%20hydrofluorocarbon%20%28HFC%29%20emissions%20and%20the%20resulting%20global%20warming%20based%20on%20recent%20trends%20in%20observed%20abundances%20and%20current%20policies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Velders%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vimont%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20emissions%20of%20hydrofluorocarbons%20%28HFCs%29%20have%20increased%20significantly%20in%20the%20past%202%20decades%2C%20primarily%20as%20a%20result%20of%20the%20phaseout%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances%20under%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20and%20the%20use%20of%20HFCs%20as%20their%20replacements.%20In%202015%2C%20large%20increases%20were%20projected%20in%20HFC%20use%20and%20emissions%20in%20this%20century%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20regulations%2C%20contributing%20up%20to%200.5%20degrees%20C%20to%20global%20surface%20warming%20by%202100.%20In%202019%2C%20the%20Kigali%20Amendment%20to%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20came%20into%20force%20with%20the%20goal%20of%20limiting%20the%20use%20of%20HFCs%20globally%2C%20and%20currently%2C%20regulations%20to%20limit%20the%20use%20of%20HFCs%20are%20in%20effect%20in%20several%20countries.%20Here%2C%20we%20analyze%20trends%20in%20HFC%20emissions%20inferred%20from%20observations%20of%20atmospheric%20abundances%20and%20compare%20them%20with%20previous%20projections.%20Total%20CO2%20eq.%20inferred%20HFC%20emissions%20continue%20to%20increase%20through%202019%20%28to%20about%200.8%20GtCO%282%29%20eq.%20yr%28-1%29%29%20but%20are%20about%2020%20%25%20lower%20than%20previously%20projected%20for%202017-2019%2C%20mainly%20because%20of%20the%20lower%20global%20emissions%20of%20HFC-143a.%20This%20indicates%20that%20HFCs%20are%20used%20much%20less%20in%20industrial%20and%20commercial%20refrigeration%20%28ICR%29%20applications%20than%20previously%20projected.%20This%20is%20supported%20by%20data%20reported%20by%20the%20developed%20countries%20and%20the%20lower%20reported%20consumption%20of%20HFC-143a%20in%20China.%20Because%20this%20time%20period%20preceded%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20Kigali%20provisions%2C%20this%20reduction%20cannot%20be%20linked%20directly%20to%20the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Kigali%20Amendment.%20However%2C%20it%20could%20indicate%20that%20companies%20transitioned%20away%20from%20the%20HFC-143a%20with%20its%20high%20global%20warming%20potential%20%28GWP%29%20for%20ICR%20applications%20in%20anticipation%20of%20national%20or%20global%20mandates.%20There%20are%20two%20new%20HFC%20scenarios%20developed%20based%20%281%29%20on%20current%20trends%20in%20HFC%20use%20and%20Kigali-independent%20%28K-I%29%20control%20policies%20currently%20existing%20in%20several%20countries%20and%20%282%29%20current%20HFC%20trends%20and%20compliance%20with%20the%20Kigali%20Amendment%20%28KA-2022%29.%20These%20current%20policies%20reduce%20projected%20emissions%20in%202050%20from%20the%20previously%20calculated%204.0-5.3%20GtCO%282%29%20eq.%20yr%28-1%29%20to%201.9-3.6%20GtCO%282%29%20eq.%20yr%28-1%29.%20The%20added%20provisions%20of%20the%20Kigali%20Amendment%20are%20projected%20to%20reduce%20the%20emissions%20further%20to%200.9-1.0%20Gt%20CO2%20eq.%20yr%28-1%29%20in%202050.%20Without%20any%20controls%2C%20projections%20suggest%20a%20HFC%20contribution%20of%200.28-0.44%20degrees%20C%20to%20global%20surface%20warming%20by%202100%2C%20compared%20to%20a%20temperature%20contribution%20of%200.14-0.31%20degrees%20C%20that%20is%20projected%20considering%20the%20national%20K-I%20policies%20current%20in%20place.%20Warming%20from%20HFCs%20is%20additionally%20limited%20by%20the%20Kigali%20Amendment%20controls%20to%20a%20contribution%20of%20about%200.04%20degrees%20C%20by%202100.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-22-6087-2022%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7316%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T17%3A41%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226YTLXVPT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Patra%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPatra%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Dlugokencky%2C%20E.%20J.%2C%20Elkins%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Dutton%2C%20G.%20S.%2C%20Tohjima%2C%20Y.%2C%20Sasakawa%2C%20M.%2C%20Ito%2C%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Manizza%2C%20M.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Bianchi%2C%20D.%2C%20Nevison%2C%20C.%2C%20Solazzo%2C%20E.%2C%20Lee%2C%20H.%2C%20Joo%2C%20S.%2C%20Kort%2C%20E.%20A.%2C%20Maity%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Takigawa%2C%20M.%20%282022%29.%20Forward%20and%20inverse%20modelling%20of%20atmospheric%20nitrous%20oxide%20using%20MIROC4-atmospheric%20chemistry-transport%20model.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20the%20Meteorological%20Society%20of%20Japan%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E100%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20361%26%23x2013%3B386.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2151%5C%2Fjmsj.2022-018%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2151%5C%2Fjmsj.2022-018%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Forward%20and%20inverse%20modelling%20of%20atmospheric%20nitrous%20oxide%20using%20MIROC4-atmospheric%20chemistry-transport%20model%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dlugokencky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Elkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dutton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tohjima%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sasakawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manizza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bianchi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nevison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Solazzo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kort%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maity%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Takigawa%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Atmospheric%20nitrous%20oxide%20%28N2O%29%20contributes%20to%20global%20warming%20and%20stratospheric%20ozone%20depletion%2C%20so%20reducing%20uncertainty%20in%20estimates%20of%20emissions%20from%20different%20sources%20is%20important%20for%20climate%20policy.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20simulate%20atmospheric%20N2O%20using%20an%20atmospheric%20chemistry-transport%20model%20%28ACTM%29%2C%20and%20the%20results%20are%20first%20compared%20with%20the%20in%20situ%20measurements.%20Five%20combinations%20of%20known%20%28a%20priori%29%20N2O%20emissions%20due%20to%20natural%20soil%2C%20agricultural%20land%2C%20other%20human%20activities%2C%20and%20sea-air%20exchange%20are%20used.%20The%20N2O%20lifetime%20is%20127.6%20%2B%5C%2F-%204.0%20yr%20in%20the%20control%20ACTM%20simulation%20%28range%20indicates%20interannual%20variability%29.%20Regional%20N2O%20emissions%20are%20optimized%20using%20Bayesim%20inverse%20modeling%20for%2084%20partitions%20of%20the%20globe%20at%20monthly%20intervals%2C%20using%20measurements%20at%2042%20sites%20around%20the%20world%20covering%201997-2019.%20The%20best%20estimated%20global%20land%20and%20ocean%20emissions%20are%2012.99%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.22%20TgN%20yr%28-1%29%20and%202.74%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.27%20TgN%20yr%28-1%29%2C%20respectively%2C%20for%202000-2009%2C%20and%2014.30%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.20%20TgN%20yr%28-1%29%20and%202.91%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.27%20TgN%20yr%28-1%29%2C%20respectively%2C%20for%202010-2019.%20On%20regional%20scales%2C%20we%20find%20that%20the%20most%20recent%20ocean%20emission%20estimation%2C%20with%20lower%20emissions%20in%20the%20Southern%20Ocean%20regions%2C%20fits%20better%20with%20that%20predicted%20by%20the%20inversions.%20Marginally%20higher%20%28lower%29%20emissions%20than%20the%20inventory%5C%2Fmodel%20for%20the%20tropical%20%28extratropical%29%20land%20regions%20are%20estimated%20and%20validated%20using%20independent%20aircraft%20observations.%20Global%20land%20and%20ocean%20emission%20variabilities%20show%20a%20statistically%20significant%20correlation%20with%20El%20Niilo%20Southern%20Oscillation%20%28ENSO%29.%20Analysis%20of%20regional%20land%20emissions%20shows%20increases%20over%20America%20%28Temperate%20North%2C%20Central%2C%20and%20Tropical%29%2C%20Central%20Africa%2C%20and%20Asia%20%28South%2C%20East%2C%20and%20Southeast%29%20between%20the%202000s%20and%202010s.%20Only%20Europe%20as%20a%20whole%20recorded%20a%20slight%20decrease%20in%20N2O%20emissions%20due%20to%20the%20chemical%20industry.%20Our%20inversions%20suggest%20revisions%20to%20seasonal%20emission%20variations%20for%20three%20of%20the%2015%20land%20regions%20%28East%20Asia%2C%20Temperate%20North%20America%2C%20and%20Central%20Africa%29%2C%20and%20the%20Southern%20Ocean%20region.%20The%20terrestrial%20ecosystem%20model%20%28Vegetation%20Integrative%20Simulator%20for%20Trace%20Gases%29%20can%20simulate%20annual%20total%20emissions%20in%20agreement%20with%20the%20observed%20N2O%20growth%20rate%20since%201978%2C%20but%20the%20lag-time%20scales%20of%20N2O%20emissions%20from%20nitrogen%20fertilizer%20application%20may%20need%20to%20be%20revised.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2151%5C%2Fjmsj.2022-018%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220026-1165%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22TY2S6GRV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-21T00%3A07%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F52XBFSP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Choi%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChoi%2C%20H.%2C%20Park%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Park%2C%20H.%2C%20Geum%2C%20S.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Porter%2C%20I.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Dunse%2C%20B.%20L.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Park%2C%20S.%20%282022%29.%20Top-down%20and%20bottom-up%20estimates%20of%20anthropogenic%20methyl%20bromide%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E22%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%205157%26%23x2013%3B5173.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-5157-2022%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-5157-2022%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Top-down%20and%20bottom-up%20estimates%20of%20anthropogenic%20methyl%20bromide%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Choi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Porter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dunse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Methyl%20bromide%20%28CH3Br%29%20is%20a%20potent%20ozone-depleting%20substance%20%28ODS%29%20that%20has%20both%20natural%20and%20anthropogenic%20sources.%20CH3Br%20has%20been%20used%20mainly%20for%20preplant%20soil%20fumigation%2C%20post-harvest%20grain%20and%20timber%20fumigation%2C%20and%20structural%20fumigation.%20Most%20non-quarantine%20and%20pre-shipment%20%28non-QPS%29%20uses%20were%20phased%20out%20by%202005%20for%20non-Article%205%20%28developed%29%20countries%20and%20by%202015%20for%20Article%205%20%28developing%29%20countries%20under%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20on%20Substances%20that%20Deplete%20the%20Ozone%20Layer%3B%20some%20uses%20have%20continued%20under%20critical-use%20exemptions%20%28CUEs%29.%20Under%20the%20protocol%2C%20individual%20nations%20are%20required%20to%20report%20annual%20data%20on%20CH3Br%20production%20and%20consumption%20for%20quarantine-pre-shipment%20%28QPS%29%20uses%2C%20non-QPS%20uses%2C%20and%20CUEs%20to%20the%20United%20Nations%20Environment%20Programme%20%28UNEP%29.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20analyzed%20high-precision%2C%20in%20situ%20measurements%20of%20atmospheric%20mole%20fractions%20of%20CH3Br%20obtained%20at%20the%20Gosan%20station%20on%20Jeju%20Island%2C%20South%20Korea%2C%20from%202008%20to%202019.%20The%20background%20mole%20fractions%20of%20CH3Br%20in%20the%20atmosphere%20at%20Gosan%20declined%20from%208.5%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.8%20ppt%20%28parts%20per%20trillion%29%20in%202008%20to%207.4%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.6%20ppt%20in%202019%20at%20a%20rate%20of%20-0.13%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.02%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29.%20At%20Gosan%2C%20we%20also%20observed%20periods%20of%20persistent%20mole%20fractions%20%28pollution%20events%29%20elevated%20above%20the%20decreasing%20background%20in%20continental%20air%20masses%20from%20China.%20Statistical%20back-trajectory%20analyses%20showed%20that%20these%20pollution%20events%20are%20predominantly%20traced%20back%20to%20CH3Br%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China.%20Using%20an%20interspecies%20correlation%20%28ISC%29%20method%20with%20the%20reference%20trace%20species%20CFC-11%20%28CCl3F%29%2C%20we%20estimate%20anthropogenic%20CH3Br%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China%20at%20an%20average%20of%204.1%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.3%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%20in%202008-2019%2C%20approximately%202.9%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.3%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%20higher%20than%20the%20bottom-up%20emission%20estimates%20reported%20to%20UNEP.%20Possible%20non-fumigation%20CH3Br%20sources%20-%20rapeseed%20production%20and%20biomass%20burning%20-%20were%20assessed%2C%20and%20it%20was%20found%20that%20the%20discrepancy%20is%20most%20likely%20due%20to%20unreported%20or%20incorrectly%20reported%20QPS%20and%20non-QPS%20fumigation%20uses.%20These%20unreported%20anthropogenic%20emissions%20of%20CH3Br%20are%20confined%20to%20eastern%20China%20and%20account%20for%2030%20%25-40%20%25%20of%20anthropogenic%20global%20CH3Br%20emissions.%20They%20are%20likely%20due%20to%20delays%20in%20the%20introduction%20of%20CH3Br%20alternatives%2C%20such%20as%20sulfuryl%20fluoride%20%28SO2F2%29%2C%20heat%2C%20and%20irradiation%2C%20and%20a%20possible%20lack%20of%20industry%20awareness%20of%20the%20need%20for%20regulation%20of%20CH3Br%20production%20and%20use.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-22-5157-2022%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7316%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T17%3A41%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MYFADBLE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Muhle%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMuhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Kuijpers%2C%20L.%20J.%20M.%2C%20Stanley%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Schmidt%2C%20R.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Wang%2C%20R.%20H.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%20%282022%29.%20Global%20emissions%20of%20perfluorocyclobutane%20%28PFC-318%2C%20c-C4F8%29%20resulting%20from%20the%20use%20of%20hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22%20%28HCFC-22%29%20feedstock%20to%20produce%20polytetrafluoroethylene%20%28PTFE%29%20and%20related%20fluorochemicals.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E22%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%203371%26%23x2013%3B3378.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-3371-2022%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-3371-2022%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Global%20emissions%20of%20perfluorocyclobutane%20%28PFC-318%2C%20c-C4F8%29%20resulting%20from%20the%20use%20of%20hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22%20%28HCFC-22%29%20feedstock%20to%20produce%20polytetrafluoroethylene%20%28PTFE%29%20and%20related%20fluorochemicals%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kuijpers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmidt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20H.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Emissions%20of%20the%20potent%20greenhouse%20gas%20perfluorocyclobutane%20%28c-C4F8%2C%20PFC-318%2C%20octafluorocyclobutane%29%20into%20the%20global%20atmosphere%20inferred%20from%20atmospheric%20measurements%20have%20been%20increasing%20sharply%20since%20the%20early%202000s.%20We%20find%20that%20these%20inferred%20emissions%20are%20highly%20correlated%20with%20the%20production%20of%20hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22%20%28HCFC-22%2C%20CHC1F%282%29%29%20for%20feedstock%20%28FS%29%20uses%2C%20because%20almost%20all%20HCFC-22%20FS%20is%20pyrolyzed%20to%20produce%20%28poly%29tetrafluoroethylene%20%28%28P%29TFE%29%20and%20hexafluoropropylene%20%28HFP%29%2C%20a%20process%20in%20which%20c-C4F8%20is%20a%20known%20by-product%2C%20causing%20a%20significant%20fraction%20of%20global%20c-C4F8%20emissions.%20We%20find%20a%20global%20emission%20factor%20of%20similar%20to%200.003%20kg%20c-C4F8%20per%20kilogram%20of%20HCFC-22%20FS%20pyrolyzed.%20Mitigation%20of%20these%20c-C4F8%20emissions%2C%20e.g.%2C%20through%20process%20optimization%2C%20abatement%2C%20or%20different%20manufacturing%20processes%2C%20such%20as%20refined%20methods%20of%20electrochemical%20fluorination%20and%20waste%20recycling%2C%20could%20reduce%20the%20climate%20impact%20of%20this%20industry.%20While%20it%20has%20been%20shown%20that%20c-C4F8%20emissions%20from%20developing%20countries%20dominate%20global%20emissions%2C%20more%20atmospheric%20measurements%20and%5C%2For%20detailed%20process%20statistics%20are%20needed%20to%20quantify%20c-C4F8%20emissions%20at%20country%20to%20facility%20levels.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-22-3371-2022%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7316%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T17%3A41%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NB7AD3YD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChen%2C%20A.%2C%20Chen%2C%20D.%2C%20Hu%2C%20X.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Fang%2C%20X.%20%282022%29.%20Historical%20trend%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances%20and%20hydrofluorocarbon%20concentrations%20during%202004%26%23x2013%3B2020%20derived%20from%20satellite%20observations%20and%20estimates%20for%20global%20emissions.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Pollution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E316%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20120570.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.envpol.2022.120570%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.envpol.2022.120570%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Historical%20trend%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances%20and%20hydrofluorocarbon%20concentrations%20during%202004%5Cu20132020%20derived%20from%20satellite%20observations%20and%20estimates%20for%20global%20emissions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ao%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Di%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xiaoyi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xuekun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F2022%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.envpol.2022.120570%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202697491%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0269749122017845%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-28T23%3A33%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229RCGWJHW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mitchell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMitchell%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Lin%2C%20J.%20C.%2C%20Hutyra%2C%20L.%20R.%2C%20Bowling%2C%20D.%20R.%2C%20Cohen%2C%20R.%20C.%2C%20Davis%2C%20K.%20J.%2C%20DiGangi%2C%20E.%2C%20Duren%2C%20R.%20M.%2C%20Ehleringer%2C%20J.%20R.%2C%20Fain%2C%20C.%2C%20Falk%2C%20M.%2C%20Guha%2C%20A.%2C%20Karion%2C%20A.%2C%20Keeling%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Miles%2C%20N.%20L.%2C%20Miller%2C%20C.%20E.%2C%20Newman%2C%20S.%2C%20Pataki%2C%20D.%20E.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Wofsy%2C%20S.%20C.%20%282022%29.%20A%20multi-city%20urban%20atmospheric%20greenhouse%20gas%20measurement%20data%20synthesis.%20%3Ci%3EScientific%20Data%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20361.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41597-022-01467-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41597-022-01467-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20multi-city%20urban%20atmospheric%20greenhouse%20gas%20measurement%20data%20synthesis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Logan%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lucy%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hutyra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cohen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenneth%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elizabeth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DiGangi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Riley%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ehleringer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Clayton%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthias%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abhinav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guha%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karion%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ralph%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keeling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jooil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natasha%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sally%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Diane%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pataki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steve%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinzivalli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xinrong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rice%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maryann%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sargent%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Britton%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stephens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jocelyn%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turnbull%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristal%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verhulst%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Felix%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vogel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whetstone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wofsy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Urban%20regions%20emit%20a%20large%20fraction%20of%20anthropogenic%20emissions%20of%20greenhouse%20gases%20%28GHG%29%20such%20as%20carbon%20dioxide%20%28CO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20and%20methane%20%28CH%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%204%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20that%20contribute%20to%20modern-day%20climate%20change.%20As%20such%2C%20a%20growing%20number%20of%20urban%20policymakers%20and%20stakeholders%20are%20adopting%20emission%20reduction%20targets%20and%20implementing%20policies%20to%20reach%20those%20targets.%20Over%20the%20past%20two%20decades%20research%20teams%20have%20established%20urban%20GHG%20monitoring%20networks%20to%20determine%20how%20much%2C%20where%2C%20and%20why%20a%20particular%20city%20emits%20GHGs%2C%20and%20to%20track%20changes%20in%20emissions%20over%20time.%20Coordination%20among%20these%20efforts%20has%20been%20limited%2C%20restricting%20the%20scope%20of%20analyses%20and%20insights.%20Here%20we%20present%20a%20harmonized%20data%20set%20synthesizing%20urban%20GHG%20observations%20from%20cities%20with%20monitoring%20networks%20across%20North%20America%20that%20will%20facilitate%20cross-city%20analyses%20and%20address%20scientific%20questions%20that%20are%20difficult%20to%20address%20in%20isolation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F2022%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41597-022-01467-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222052-4463%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41597-022-01467-3%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22EU5YC9TT%22%2C%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-14T15%3A43%3A41Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2249L38KCZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22An%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAn%2C%20M.%20D.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Say%2C%20D.%2C%20Chen%2C%20L.%20Q.%2C%20Claxton%2C%20T.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Hossaini%2C%20R.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Hu%2C%20J.%20X.%2C%20Yao%2C%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rigby%2C%20M.%20%282021%29.%20Rapid%20increase%20in%20dichloromethane%20emissions%20from%20China%20inferred%20through%20atmospheric%20observations.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Communications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E12%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%209.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-021-27592-y%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-021-27592-y%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rapid%20increase%20in%20dichloromethane%20emissions%20from%20China%20inferred%20through%20atmospheric%20observations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22An%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Say%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Claxton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hossaini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Dichloromethane%20%28CH2Cl2%29%20is%20an%20unregulated%20ozone%20depleting%20substance%20whose%20emissions%20have%20strongly%20increased%20in%20recent%20years.%20Here%2C%20the%20authors%20show%20that%20rising%20emissions%20of%20dichloromethane%20in%20China%20between%202011%20and%202019%20can%20explain%20much%20of%20this%20global%20increase.%20With%20the%20successful%20implementation%20of%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20on%20Substances%20that%20Deplete%20the%20Ozone%20Layer%2C%20the%20atmospheric%20abundance%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances%20continues%20to%20decrease%20slowly%20and%20the%20Antarctic%20ozone%20hole%20is%20showing%20signs%20of%20recovery.%20However%2C%20growing%20emissions%20of%20unregulated%20short-lived%20anthropogenic%20chlorocarbons%20are%20offsetting%20some%20of%20these%20gains.%20Here%2C%20we%20report%20an%20increase%20in%20emissions%20from%20China%20of%20the%20industrially%20produced%20chlorocarbon%2C%20dichloromethane%20%28CH2Cl2%29.%20The%20emissions%20grew%20from%20231%20%28213-245%29%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%20in%202011%20to%20628%20%28599-658%29%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%20in%202019%2C%20with%20an%20average%20annual%20increase%20of%2013%20%2812-15%29%20%25%2C%20primarily%20from%20eastern%20China.%20The%20overall%20increase%20in%20CH2Cl2%20emissions%20from%20China%20has%20the%20same%20magnitude%20as%20the%20global%20emission%20rise%20of%20354%20%28281-427%29%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%20over%20the%20same%20period.%20If%20global%20CH2Cl2%20emissions%20remain%20at%202019%20levels%2C%20they%20could%20lead%20to%20a%20delay%20in%20Antarctic%20ozone%20recovery%20of%20around%205%20years%20compared%20to%20a%20scenario%20with%20no%20CH2Cl2%20emissions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41467-021-27592-y%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A12%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DEZ25IBL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Takeda%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETakeda%2C%20M.%2C%20Nakajima%2C%20H.%2C%20Murata%2C%20I.%2C%20Nagahama%2C%20T.%2C%20Morino%2C%20I.%2C%20Toon%2C%20G.%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wang%2C%20H.%20J.%20%282021%29.%20First%20ground-based%20Fourier%20transform%20infrared%20%28FTIR%29%20spectrometer%20observations%20of%20HFC-23%20at%20Rikubetsu%2C%20Japan%2C%20and%20Syowa%20Station%2C%20Antarctica.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Measurement%20Techniques%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E14%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%205955%26%23x2013%3B5976.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Famt-14-5955-2021%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Famt-14-5955-2021%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22First%20ground-based%20Fourier%20transform%20infrared%20%28FTIR%29%20spectrometer%20observations%20of%20HFC-23%20at%20Rikubetsu%2C%20Japan%2C%20and%20Syowa%20Station%2C%20Antarctica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Takeda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nakajima%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murata%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nagahama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morino%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Toon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20have%20developed%20a%20procedure%20for%20retrieving%20atmospheric%20abundances%20of%20HFC-23%20%28CHF3%29%20with%20a%20ground-based%20Fourier%20transform%20infrared%20%28FTIR%29%20spectrometer%20and%20analyzed%20the%20spectra%20observed%20at%20Rikubetsu%2C%20Japan%20%2843.5%20degrees%20N%2C%20143.8%20degrees%20E%29%2C%20and%20at%20Syowa%20Station%2C%20Antarctica%20%2869.0%20degrees%20S%2C%2039.6%20degrees%20E%29.%20The%20FTIR%20retrievals%20were%20carried%20out%20with%20the%20SFIT4%20retrieval%20program%2C%20and%20the%20two%20spectral%20windows%20of%201138.5-1148.0%20cm%28-1%29%20and%201154.0-1160.0%20cm%28-1%29%20in%20the%20overlapping%20nu%282%29%20and%20nu%285%29%20vibrational-rotational%20transition%20bands%20of%20HFC-23%20were%20used%20to%20avoid%20strong%20H2O%20absorption%20features.%20We%20considered%20O-3%2C%20N2O%2C%20CH4%2C%20H2O%2C%20HDO%2C%20CFC-12%20%28CCl2F2%29%2C%20HCFC-22%20%28CHClF2%29%2C%20peroxyacetyl%20nitrate%20%28PAN%29%20%28CH3C%20%28O%29OONO2%29%2C%20HCFC-141b%20%28CH3CCl2F%29%2C%20and%20HCFC-142b%20%28CH3CClF2%29%20to%20be%20interfering%20species.%20Vertical%20profiles%20of%20H2O%2C%20HDO%2C%20and%20CH4%20are%20preliminarily%20retrieved%20with%20other%20independent%20spectral%20windows%20because%20these%20profiles%20may%20induce%20large%20uncertainties%20in%20the%20HFC-23%20retrieval.%20Each%20HFC-23%20retrieval%20has%20only%20one%20piece%20of%20vertical%20information%20with%20sensitivity%20to%20HFC-23%20in%20the%20troposphere%20and%20the%20lower%20stratosphere.%20Retrieval%20errors%20mainly%20arise%20from%20the%20systematic%20uncertainties%20of%20the%20spectroscopic%20parameters%20used%20to%20obtain%20HFC-23%2C%20H2O%2C%20HDO%2C%20and%20CH4%20abundances.%20For%20comparison%20between%20FTIRretrieved%20HFC-23%20total%20columns%20and%20surface%20dry-air%20mole%20fractions%20provided%20by%20AGAGE%20%28Advanced%20Global%20Atmospheric%20Gases%20Experiment%29%2C%20FTIR-retrieved%20HFC-23%20dryair%20column-averaged%20mole%20fractions%20%28XHFC-23%29%20were%20calculated.%20The%20FTIR-retrieved%20XHFC-%2023%20values%20at%20Rikubetsu%20and%20Syowa%20Station%20have%20negative%20biases%20of%20-15%20%25%20to%20-20%20%25%20and%20-25%20%25%20compared%20to%20the%20AGAGE%20datasets%2C%20respectively.%20These%20negative%20biases%20might%20mainly%20come%20from%20systematic%20uncertainties%20of%20HFC-23%20spectroscopic%20parameters.%20The%20trend%20of%20the%20FTIR-retrieved%20XHFC-23%20data%20at%20Rikubetsu%20was%20derived%20for%20December%20to%20February%20%28DJF%29%20observations%2C%20which%20are%20considered%20to%20represent%20the%20background%20values%20when%20an%20air%20mass%20reaching%20Rikubetsu%20has%20the%20least%20influence%20by%20transport%20of%20HFC-23%20emissions%20from%20nearby%20countries.%20The%20DJF%20trend%20of%20Rikubetsu%20over%20the%201997-2009%20period%20is%200.810%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.093%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20%28ppt%3A%20parts%20per%20trillion%29%2C%20which%20is%20in%20good%20agreement%20with%20the%20trend%20derived%20from%20the%20annual%20global%20mean%20datasets%20of%20the%20AGAGE%2012-box%20model%20for%20the%20same%20period%20%280.820%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.013%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%29.The%20DJF%20trend%20of%20Rikubetsu%20over%20the%202008-2019%20period%20is%200.928%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.108%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20%2C%20which%20is%20consistent%20with%20the%20trend%20in%20the%20AGAGE%20in%20situ%20measurements%20at%20Trinidad%20Head%20%2841.1%20degrees%20N%2C%20124.2%20degrees%20W%29%20for%20the%20same%20period%20%280.994%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.001%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20%29.%20The%20trend%20of%20the%20FTIR-retrieved%20XHFC-23%20data%20at%20Syowa%20Station%20over%20the%202007-2016%20period%20is%200.819%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.071%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20%2C%20which%20is%20consistent%20with%20that%20derived%20from%20the%20AGAGE%20in%20situ%20measurements%20at%20Cape%20Grim%20%2840.7%20degrees%20S%2C%20144.7%20degrees%20E%29%20for%20the%20same%20period%20%280.874%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.002%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%29.Although%20there%20are%20systematic%20biases%20in%20the%20FTIR-retrieved%20XHFC-23%20at%20both%20sites%2C%20these%20results%20indicate%20that%20ground-based%20FTIR%20observations%20have%20the%20capability%20to%20monitor%20the%20long-term%20trend%20of%20atmospheric%20HFC-23.%20If%20this%20FTIR%20measurement%20technique%20were%20extended%20to%20other%20Network%20for%20the%20Detection%20of%20Atmospheric%20Composition%20Change%20%28NDACC%29%20ground-based%20FTIR%20sites%20around%20world%2C%20the%20measurements%20reported%20from%20these%20sites%20would%20complement%20the%20global%20AGAGE%20observations%20by%20filling%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20gaps%20and%20may%20lead%20to%20improved%20insights%20about%20changes%20in%20regional%20and%20global%20emissions%20of%20HFC-23%20and%20its%20role%20in%20global%20warming.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Famt-14-5955-2021%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221867-1381%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A12%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GUVVPVF9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lickley%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELickley%2C%20M.%2C%20Solomon%2C%20S.%2C%20Kinnison%2C%20D.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Stone%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20Wang%2C%20P.%20D.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Young%2C%20D.%20%282021%29.%20Quantifying%20the%20Imprints%20of%20Stratospheric%20Contributions%20to%20Interhemispheric%20Differences%20in%20Tropospheric%20CFC-11%2C%20CFC-12%2C%20and%20N2O%20Abundances.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E48%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2815%29%2C%209.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gl093700%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gl093700%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Quantifying%20the%20Imprints%20of%20Stratospheric%20Contributions%20to%20Interhemispheric%20Differences%20in%20Tropospheric%20CFC-11%2C%20CFC-12%2C%20and%20N2O%20Abundances%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lickley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Solomon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kinnison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22For%20trace%20gases%20destroyed%20in%20the%20stratosphere%2C%20mass%20flux%20across%20the%20tropopause%20can%20substantially%20influence%20observed%20surface%20hemispheric%20differences%20%28NH-SH%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20quantify%20associations%20between%20observed%20stratospheric%20and%20tropospheric%20NH-SH%20growth%20rate%20anomalies%20of%20CFC-11%2C%20CFC-12%2C%20and%20N2O.%20We%20employ%20a%20chemistry%20climate%20model%20along%20with%20satellite%20and%20global%20surface%20station%20observations.%20Our%20model%20explains%2060%25%20of%20observed%20N2O%20NH-SH%20growth%20rate%20variability%20from%202005%20to%202019%2C%20compared%20to%2030%25%20for%20CFC-11%25%20and%2040%25%20for%20CFC-12%2C%20supporting%20evidence%20that%20unexpected%20anthropogenic%20emissions%20caused%20sustained%20positive%20NH-SH%20anomalies%20in%20these%20CFCs%20from%202012%20to%202017.%20Between%202012%20and%202015%2C%20the%20observed%20CFC-11%20NH-SH%20difference%20grew%20by%201.7%20ppt%3B%20our%20model%20explains%200.5%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.1%20ppt%20of%20this%20growth%2C%20but%20not%20the%20duration.%20Our%20model%20suggests%20that%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20further%20emission%20anomalies%2C%20new%20NH-SH%20positive%20tracer%20anomalies%20should%20have%20occurred%20in%202020%2C%20and%20predicts%20small%20negative%20anomalies%20in%202021.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20Changes%20in%20the%20North-South%20difference%20of%20surface%20trace%20gas%20abundances%2C%20denoted%20NH-SH%2C%20are%20often%20used%20as%20evidence%20of%20new%20emissions.%20However%2C%20atmospheric%20dynamics%20can%20also%20influence%20measurements%20of%20NH-SH.%20Importantly%2C%20anomalies%20in%20trace%20gas%20abundances%20in%20the%20stratosphere%20are%20transported%20down%20to%20the%20troposphere%2C%20influencing%20tropospheric%20NH-SH%20values.%20We%20quantify%20the%20stratospheric%20influence%20on%20NH-SH%20in%20models%20and%20observations%20for%20CFC-11%2C%20CFC-12%2C%20and%20N2O.%20We%20provide%20a%20simple%20model%20to%20account%20for%20future%20stratospheric%20anomalies%20at%20the%20surface.%20Our%20model%20suggests%20that%2060%25%20of%20the%20variability%20in%20NH-SH%20can%20be%20explained%20by%20stratospheric%20anomalies.%20Following%202013%2C%20there%20was%20a%20sustained%20positive%20NH-SH%20anomaly%20in%20observations.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20stratospheric%20influences%20can%20only%20partially%20explain%20this%20anomaly%2C%20supporting%20earlier%20work%20that%20an%20expected%20emission%20led%20to%20the%20observed%20positive%20NH-SH%20anomaly.%20This%20work%20shows%20that%20stratospheric%20observations%20improves%20interpretation%20of%20future%20emissions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021gl093700%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A12%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227FS9IEM5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Manning%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EManning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Redington%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Say%2C%20D.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Simmonds%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Arduini%2C%20J.%2C%20Spain%2C%20G.%2C%20Wisher%2C%20A.%2C%20Maione%2C%20M.%2C%20Schuck%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Stanley%2C%20K.%2C%20Reimann%2C%20S.%2C%20Engel%2C%20A.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Arnold%2C%20T.%20%282021%29.%20Evidence%20of%20a%20recent%20decline%20in%20UK%20emissions%20of%20hydrofluorocarbons%20determined%20by%20the%20InTEM%20inverse%20model%20and%20atmospheric%20measurements.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E21%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2816%29%2C%2012739%26%23x2013%3B12755.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-21-12739-2021%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-21-12739-2021%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Evidence%20of%20a%20recent%20decline%20in%20UK%20emissions%20of%20hydrofluorocarbons%20determined%20by%20the%20InTEM%20inverse%20model%20and%20atmospheric%20measurements%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Redington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Say%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arduini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wisher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maione%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schuck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Engel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gluckman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watterson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arnold%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22National%20greenhouse%20gas%20inventories%20%28GHGIs%29%20are%20submitted%20annually%20to%20the%20United%20Nations%20Framework%20Convention%20on%20Climate%20Change%20%28UNFCCC%29.%20They%20are%20estimated%20in%20compliance%20with%20Intergovernmental%20Panel%20on%20Climate%20Change%20%28IPCC%29%20methodological%20guidance%20using%20activity%20data%2C%20emission%20factors%20and%20facility-level%20measurements.%20For%20some%20sources%2C%20the%20outputs%20from%20these%20calculations%20are%20very%20uncertain.%20Inverse%20modelling%20techniques%20that%20use%20high-quality%2C%20long-term%20measurements%20of%20atmospheric%20gases%20have%20been%20developed%20to%20provide%20independent%20verification%20of%20national%20GHGIs.%20This%20is%20considered%20good%20practice%20by%20the%20IPCC%20as%20it%20helps%20national%20inventory%20compilers%20to%20verify%20reported%20emissions%20and%20to%20reduce%20emission%20uncertainty.%20Emission%20estimates%20from%20the%20InTEM%20%28Inversion%20Technique%20for%20Emission%20Modelling%29%20model%20are%20presented%20for%20the%20UK%20for%20the%20hydrofluoro-carbons%20%28HFCs%29%20reported%20to%20the%20UNFCCC%20%28HFC-125%2C%20HFC-134a%2C%20HFC-143a%2C%20HFC-152a%2C%20HFC-23%2C%20HFC-32%2C%20HFC-227ea%2C%20HFC-245fa%2C%20HFC-43-10mee%20and%20HFC-365mfc%29.%20These%20HFCs%20have%20high%20global%20warming%20potentials%20%28GWPs%29%2C%20and%20the%20global%20background%20mole%20fractions%20of%20all%20but%20two%20are%20increasing%2C%20thus%20highlighting%20their%20relevance%20to%20the%20climate%20and%20a%20need%20for%20increasing%20the%20accuracy%20of%20emission%20estimation%20for%20regulatory%20purposes.%20This%20study%20presents%20evidence%20that%20the%20long-term%20annual%20increase%20in%20growth%20of%20HFC-134a%20has%20stopped%20and%20is%20now%20decreasing.%20For%20HFC-32%20there%20is%20an%20early%20indication%2C%20its%20rapid%20global%20growth%20period%20has%20ended%2C%20and%20there%20is%20evidence%20that%20the%20annual%20increase%20in%20global%20growth%20for%20HFC-125%20has%20slowed%20from%202018.%20The%20inverse%20modelling%20results%20indicate%20that%20the%20UK%20implementation%20of%20European%20Union%20regulation%20of%20HFC%20emissions%20has%20been%20successful%20in%20initiating%20a%20decline%20in%20UK%20emissions%20from%202018.%20Comparison%20of%20the%20total%20InTEM%20UK%20HFC%20emissions%20in%202020%20with%20the%20average%20from%202009-2012%20shows%20a%20drop%20of%2035%20%25%2C%20indicating%20progress%20toward%20the%20target%20of%20a%2079%25%20decrease%20in%20sales%20by%202030.%20The%20total%20InTEM%20HFC%20emission%20estimates%20%282008-2018%29%20are%20on%20average%2073%20%2862-83%29%25%20of%2C%20or%204.3%20%282.7-5.9%29%20TgCO%282%29-eq%20yr%28-1%29%20lower%20than%2C%20the%20total%20HFC%20emission%20estimates%20from%20the%20UK%20GHGI.%20There%20are%20also%20significant%20discrepancies%20between%20the%20two%20estimates%20for%20the%20individual%20HFCs.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-21-12739-2021%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7316%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A12%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZIE2CSXQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kim%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKim%2C%20J.%2C%20Thompson%2C%20R.%2C%20Park%2C%20H.%2C%20Bogle%2C%20S.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Park%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Kim%2C%20Y.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Schmidt%2C%20R.%2C%20Ottinger%2C%20D.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%20%282021%29.%20Emissions%20of%20tetrafluoromethane%20%28CF4%29%20and%20hexafluoroethane%20%28C2F6%29%20from%20East%20Asia%3A%202008%20to%202019.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Atmospheres%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E126%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2816%29%2C%2026.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021jd034888%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021jd034888%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Emissions%20of%20tetrafluoromethane%20%28CF4%29%20and%20hexafluoroethane%20%28C2F6%29%20from%20East%20Asia%3A%202008%20to%202019%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bogle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmidt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ottinger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20perfluorocarbons%20%28PFCs%29%2C%20tetrafluoromethane%20%28CF4%29%20and%20hexafluoroethane%20%28C2F6%29%2C%20are%20potent%20greenhouse%20gases%20with%20very%20long%20atmospheric%20lifetimes.%20They%20are%20emitted%20almost%20entirely%20from%20industrial%20sources%2C%20including%20the%20aluminum%20and%20rare%20earth%20metal%20smelting%20industries%20that%20emit%20them%20as%20by-products%2C%20and%20the%20semiconductor%20and%20flat%20panel%20display%20manufacturing%20industries%20that%20use%20them%20and%20vent%20unutilized%20amounts%20to%20the%20atmosphere.%20Despite%20extensive%20industrial%20efforts%20to%20quantify%20and%20curb%20these%20emissions%2C%20%5C%22top-down%5C%22%20PFC%20emission%20estimates%20derived%20from%20atmospheric%20measurements%20continue%20to%20rise%20and%20are%20significantly%20greater%20than%20reported%20process-%20and%20inventory-based%20%5C%22bottom-up%5C%22%20emissions.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20estimate%20emissions%20of%20CF4%20and%20C2F6%20from%20East%20Asia%2C%20where%20PFC%20emitting%20industries%20are%20heavily%20concentrated%2C%20using%20a%20top-down%20approach%20%28a%20Bayesian%20inversion%29%20with%20high-frequency%20atmospheric%20measurements%20at%20Gosan%20%28Jeju%20Island%2C%20South%20Korea%29%20for%202008-2019.%20We%20also%20compile%20and%20analyze%20the%20available%20bottom-up%20CF4%20and%20C2F6%20emissions%20in%20East%20Asia%20from%20industrial%20and%20government%20reports.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20the%20observed%20increases%20in%20global%20PFC%20emissions%20since%202015%20are%20driven%20primarily%20by%20China%27s%20aluminum%20industry%2C%20with%20significant%20contributions%20from%20Japan%27s%20and%20Korea%27s%20semiconductor%20industry.%20Our%20analysis%20suggests%20that%20Chinese%20emissions%20occur%20predominantly%20from%20the%20aluminum%20industry%2C%20although%20their%20emissions%20per%20production%20ratio%20may%20be%20improving.%20Our%20results%20for%20Japan%20and%20Korea%20find%20significant%20discrepancies%20between%20top-down%20and%20bottom-up%20emissions%20estimates%2C%20suggesting%20that%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20emission%20reduction%20systems%20%28abatement%29%20used%20in%20their%20semiconductor%20industries%20may%20be%20overestimated.%20Overall%2C%20our%20top-down%20results%20for%20East%20Asia%20contribute%20significantly%20to%20reducing%20the%20gap%20in%20the%20global%20PFC%20emission%20budgets.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20CF4%20and%20C2F6%2C%20emitted%20mainly%20from%20the%20aluminum%20and%20semiconductor%20industries%2C%20are%20some%20of%20the%20longest-lived%20greenhouse%20gases%20known%2C%20and%20among%20the%20compounds%20included%20under%20the%20United%20Nations%20Framework%20Convention%20on%20Climate%20Change%20in%20the%20global%20effort%20to%20reduce%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%20and%20mitigate%20climate%20change.%20Despite%20significant%20progress%20from%20both%20industries%20in%20understanding%20and%20reducing%20their%20emissions%20over%20the%20last%203%20decades%2C%20the%20global%20emissions%20of%20CF4%20and%20C2F6%20modeled%20using%20atmospheric%20measurements%20continue%20to%20rise%2C%20and%20are%20significantly%20larger%20than%20those%20currently%20reported%20by%20industry%20and%20government.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20estimate%20CF4%20and%20C2F6%20emissions%20over%202008-2019%20in%20East%20Asia%2C%20where%20the%20aluminum%20and%20semiconductor%20industries%20are%20heavily%20concentrated%2C%20using%20a%20regional%20inverse%20model%20framework%20combined%20with%20measurements%20at%20a%20site%20in%20East%20Asia%20%28Gosan%2C%20Jeju%20Island%2C%20South%20Korea%29.%20Our%20results%20confirm%20the%20dominant%20role%20of%20East%20Asian%20emissions%20in%20the%20global%20budgets%20of%20CF4%20and%20C2F6%2C%20led%20by%20emissions%20from%20China%27s%20aluminum%20industry.%20Our%20regional%20emission%20estimates%20are%20significantly%20larger%20than%20those%20reported%20for%20this%20region%2C%20locating%20a%20significant%20source%20of%20the%20global%20discrepancy%20between%20the%20reported%20and%20atmospheric%20measurements%20based%20emissions%20for%20these%20compounds.%20We%20analyze%20key%20uncertainties%20that%20could%20lead%20to%20these%20discrepancies.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021jd034888%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-897X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A13%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22D7HJVGTJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Yadav%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EYadav%2C%20V.%2C%20Ghosh%2C%20S.%2C%20Mueller%2C%20K.%2C%20Karion%2C%20A.%2C%20Roest%2C%20G.%2C%20Gourdji%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Lopez-Coto%2C%20I.%2C%20Gurney%2C%20K.%20R.%2C%20Parazoo%2C%20N.%2C%20Verhulst%2C%20K.%20R.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Prinzivalli%2C%20S.%2C%20Fain%2C%20C.%2C%20Nehrkorn%2C%20T.%2C%20Mountain%2C%20M.%2C%20Keeling%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Duren%2C%20R.%2C%20Miller%2C%20C.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Whetstone%2C%20J.%20%282021%29.%20The%20impact%20of%20COVID-19%20on%20CO2%20emissions%20in%20the%20Los%20Angeles%20and%20Washington%20DC%5C%2FBaltimore%20metropolitan%20areas.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E48%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gl092744%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gl092744%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20impact%20of%20COVID-19%20on%20CO2%20emissions%20in%20the%20Los%20Angeles%20and%20Washington%20DC%5C%2FBaltimore%20metropolitan%20areas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yadav%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ghosh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mueller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karion%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roest%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gourdji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lopez-Coto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gurney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parazoo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verhulst%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinzivalli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nehrkorn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mountain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keeling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whetstone%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Responses%20to%20COVID-19%20have%20resulted%20in%20unintended%20reductions%20of%20city-scale%20carbon%20dioxide%20%28CO2%29%20emissions.%20Here%2C%20we%20detect%20and%20estimate%20decreases%20in%20CO2%20emissions%20in%20Los%20Angeles%20and%20Washington%20DC%5C%2FBaltimore%20during%20March%20and%20April%202020.%20We%20present%20three%20lines%20of%20evidence%20using%20methods%20that%20have%20increasing%20model%20dependency%2C%20including%20an%20inverse%20model%20to%20estimate%20relative%20emissions%20changes%20in%202020%20compared%20to%202018%20and%202019.%20The%20March%20decrease%20%2825%25%29%20in%20Washington%20DC%5C%2FBaltimore%20is%20largely%20supported%20by%20a%20drop%20in%20natural%20gas%20consumption%20associated%20with%20a%20warm%20spring%20whereas%20the%20decrease%20in%20April%20%2833%25%29%20correlates%20with%20changes%20in%20gasoline%20fuel%20sales.%20In%20contrast%2C%20only%20a%20fraction%20of%20the%20March%20%2817%25%29%20and%20April%20%2834%25%29%20reduction%20in%20Los%20Angeles%20is%20explained%20by%20traffic%20declines.%20Methods%20and%20measurements%20used%20herein%20highlight%20the%20advantages%20of%20atmospheric%20CO2%20observations%20for%20providing%20timely%20insights%20into%20rapidly%20changing%20emissions%20patterns%20that%20can%20empower%20cities%20to%20course-correct%20CO2%20reduction%20activities%20efficiently.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021gl092744%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22EU5YC9TT%22%2C%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-05T16%3A07%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224LWDXHBH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gressent%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGressent%2C%20A.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Steele%2C%20L.%20P.%2C%20Mitrevski%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Wang%2C%20R.%20H.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20Li%2C%20S.%2C%20Yao%2C%20B.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Lunder%2C%20C.%20R.%20%282021%29.%20Growing%20atmospheric%20emissions%20of%20sulfuryl%20fluoride.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Atmospheres%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E126%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%2011.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jd034327%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jd034327%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Growing%20atmospheric%20emissions%20of%20sulfuryl%20fluoride%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gressent%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitrevski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maione%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arduini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lunder%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20potent%20greenhouse%20gas%20sulfuryl%20fluoride%20%28SO2F2%29%20is%20increasingly%20used%20as%20a%20fumigant%2C%20replacing%20methyl%20bromide%2C%20whose%20structural%20and%20soil%20fumigation%20uses%20have%20been%20phased%20out%20under%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol.%20We%20use%20measurements%20on%20archived%20air%20samples%20and%20in%20situ%20observations%20from%20the%20Advanced%20Global%20Atmospheric%20Gases%20Experiment%20%28AGAGE%29%20and%20a%20box%20model%20of%20the%20global%20atmosphere%20to%20show%20a%20global%20increase%20of%20SO2F2%20mole%20fraction%20from%200.3%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.02%20to%202.5%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.08%20ppt%20along%20with%20a%20global%20increase%20in%20emissions%20from%200.5%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.4%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%20to%202.9%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.4%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%20from%201978%20to%202019.%20Based%20on%20a%20hybrid%20model%20incorporating%20bottom-up%20industry%20data%20and%20a%20top-down%20downscaling%20approach%2C%20we%20estimate%20the%20spatial%20distribution%20and%20trend%20in%20SO2F2%20regional%20emissions%20between%202000%20and%202019%20and%20propose%20that%20the%20global%20emissions%20increase%20is%20driven%20by%20the%20growing%20use%20of%20SO2F2%20in%20structural%20fumigation%20in%20North%20America%20and%20in%20postharvest%20treatment%20of%20grains%20and%20other%20agricultural%20products%20worldwide.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020jd034327%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-897X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A13%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HKSSQXXG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Vollmer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Henne%2C%20S.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Mitrevski%2C%20B.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20Lunder%2C%20C.%20R.%2C%20Rhee%2C%20T.%20S.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Hill%2C%20M.%2C%20Langenfelds%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20Guillevic%2C%20M.%2C%20Schlauri%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Hermansen%2C%20O.%2C%20Arduini%2C%20J.%2C%20Wang%2C%20R.%20H.%20J.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Maione%2C%20M.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Steele%2C%20L.%20P.%20%282021%29.%20Unexpected%20nascent%20atmospheric%20emissions%20of%20three%20ozone-depleting%20hydrochlorofluorocarbons.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E118%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2010914118%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2010914118%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Unexpected%20nascent%20atmospheric%20emissions%20of%20three%20ozone-depleting%20hydrochlorofluorocarbons%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitrevski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lunder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rhee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Langenfelds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guillevic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlauri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hermansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arduini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20H.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maione%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steele%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Global%20and%20regional%20atmospheric%20measurements%20and%20modeling%20can%20play%20key%20roles%20in%20discovering%20and%20quantifying%20unexpected%20nascent%20emissions%20of%20environmentally%20important%20substances.%20We%20focus%20here%20on%20three%20hydrochlorofluorocarbons%20%28HCFCs%29%20that%20are%20restricted%20by%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20because%20of%20their%20roles%20in%20stratospheric%20ozone%20depletion.%20Based%20on%20measurements%20of%20archived%20air%20samples%20and%20on%20in%20situ%20measurements%20at%20stations%20of%20the%20Advanced%20Global%20Atmospheric%20Gases%20Experiment%20%28AGAGE%29%20network%2C%20we%20report%20global%20abundances%2C%20trends%2C%20and%20regional%20enhancements%20for%20HCFC-132b%20%28CH2ClCCIF2%29%2C%20which%20is%20newly%20discovered%20in%20the%20atmosphere%2C%20and%20updated%20results%20for%20HCFC-133a%20%28CH2ClCF3%29%20and%20HCFC-31%20%28CH2ClF%29.%20No%20purposeful%20end-use%20is%20known%20for%20any%20of%20these%20compounds.%20We%20find%20that%20HCFC-132b%20appeared%20in%20the%20atmosphere%2020%20y%20ago%20and%20that%20its%20global%20emissions%20increased%20to%201.1%20Gg.y%28-1%29%20by%202019.%20Regional%20top-down%20emission%20estimates%20for%20East%20Asia%2C%20based%20on%20high-frequency%20measurements%20for%202016-2019%2C%20account%20for%20similar%20to%2095%25%20of%20the%20global%20HCFC-132b%20emissions%20and%20for%20similar%20to%2080%25%20of%20the%20global%20HCFC-133a%20emissions%20of%202.3%20Gg.y%28-1%29%20during%20this%20period.%20Global%20emissions%20of%20HCFC-31%20for%20the%20same%20period%20are%200.71%20Gg.y%28-1%29.%20Small%20European%20emissions%20of%20HCFC-132b%20and%20HCFC-133a%2C%20found%20in%20southeastern%20France%2C%20ceased%20in%20early%202017%20when%20a%20fluorocarbon%20production%20facility%20in%20that%20area%20closed.%20Although%20unreported%20emissive%20end-uses%20cannot%20be%20ruled%20out%2C%20all%20three%20compounds%20are%20most%20likely%20emitted%20as%20intermediate%20by-products%20in%20chemical%20production%20pathways.%20Identification%20of%20harmful%20emissions%20to%20the%20atmosphere%20at%20an%20early%20stage%20can%20guide%20the%20effective%20development%20of%20global%20and%20regional%20environmental%20policy.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2010914118%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-8424%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A13%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22U59NBCD3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Patra%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPatra%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Krol%2C%20M.%20C.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Takigawa%2C%20M.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Montzka%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Lal%2C%20S.%2C%20Yamashita%2C%20Y.%2C%20Naus%2C%20S.%2C%20Chandra%2C%20N.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Elkins%2C%20J.%20W.%20%282021%29.%20Methyl%20chloroform%20continues%20to%20constrain%20the%20hydroxyl%20%28OH%29%20variability%20in%20the%20troposphere.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Atmospheres%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E126%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jd033862%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jd033862%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Methyl%20chloroform%20continues%20to%20constrain%20the%20hydroxyl%20%28OH%29%20variability%20in%20the%20troposphere%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krol%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Takigawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yamashita%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Naus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chandra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Elkins%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Trends%20and%20variability%20in%20tropospheric%20hydroxyl%20%28OH%29%20radicals%20influence%20budgets%20of%20many%20greenhouse%20gases%2C%20air%20pollutant%20species%2C%20and%20ozone%20depleting%20substances.%20Estimations%20of%20tropospheric%20OH%20trends%20and%20variability%20based%20on%20budget%20analysis%20of%20methyl%20chloroform%20%28CH3CCl3%29%20and%20process-based%20chemistry%20transport%20models%20often%20produce%20conflicting%20results.%20Here%20we%20use%20a%20previously%20tested%20transport%20model%20to%20simulate%20atmospheric%20CH3CCl3%20for%20the%20period%201985-2018.%20Based%20on%20mismatches%20between%20model%20output%20and%20observations%2C%20we%20derive%20consistent%20anomalies%20in%20the%20inverse%20lifetime%20of%20CH3CCl3%20%28K-G%29%20using%20measurements%20from%20two%20independent%20observational%20networks%20%28National%20Oceanic%20and%20Atmospheric%20Administration%20and%20Advanced%20Global%20Atmospheric%20Gases%20Experiment%29.%20Our%20method%20allows%20a%20separation%20between%20%5C%22physical%5C%22%20%28transport%2C%20temperature%29%20and%20%5C%22chemical%5C%22%20%28i.e.%2C%20abundance%29%20influences%20on%20OH%20%2B%20CH3CCl3%20reaction%20rate%20in%20the%20atmosphere.%20Small%20increases%20in%20K-G%20due%20to%20%5C%22physical%5C%22%20influences%20are%20mostly%20driven%20by%20increases%20in%20the%20temperature-dependent%20reaction%20between%20OH%20and%20CH3CCl3%20and%20resulted%20in%20a%20smoothly%20varying%20increase%20of%200.80%25%20decade%28-1%29.%20Chemical%20effects%20on%20K-G%2C%20linked%20to%20global%20changes%20in%20OH%20sources%20and%20sinks%2C%20show%20larger%20year-to-year%20variations%20%28similar%20to%202%25-3%25%29%2C%20and%20have%20a%20negative%20correlation%20with%20the%20El%20Nino%20Southern%20Oscillation.%20A%20significant%20positive%20trend%20in%20K-G%20can%20be%20derived%20after%202001%2C%20but%20it%20persists%20only%20through%202015%20and%20only%20if%20we%20assume%20that%20CH3CCl3%20emissions%20decayed%20more%20slowly%20over%20time%20than%20our%20best%20estimate%20suggests.%20If%20global%20CH3CCl3%20emissions%20dropped%20below%203%20Gg%20year%28-1%29%20after%202015%2C%20recent%20CH3CCl3%20measurements%20indicate%20that%20the%202015-2018%20loss%20rate%20of%20CH3CCl3%20due%20to%20reaction%20with%20OH%20is%20comparable%20to%20its%20value%202%20decades%20ago.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020jd033862%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-897X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A13%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2232FDSXJG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Say%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESay%2C%20D.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Wisher%2C%20A.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Reimann%2C%20S.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Maione%2C%20M.%2C%20Arduini%2C%20J.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Evans%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%20%282021%29.%20Global%20trends%20and%20European%20emissions%20of%20tetrafluoromethane%20%28CF4%29%2C%20hexafluoroethane%20%28C2F6%29%20and%20octafluoropropane%20%28C3F8%29.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E21%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%202149%26%23x2013%3B2164.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-21-2149-2021%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-21-2149-2021%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Global%20trends%20and%20European%20emissions%20of%20tetrafluoromethane%20%28CF4%29%2C%20hexafluoroethane%20%28C2F6%29%20and%20octafluoropropane%20%28C3F8%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Say%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wisher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maione%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arduini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Perfluorocarbons%20%28PFCs%29%20are%20amongst%20the%20most%20potent%20greenhouse%20gases%20listed%20under%20the%20United%20Nations%20Framework%20Convention%20on%20Climate%20Change%20%28UNFCCC%29.%20With%20atmospheric%20lifetimes%20on%20the%20order%20of%20thousands%20to%20tens%20of%20thousands%20of%20years%2C%20PFC%20emissions%20represent%20a%20permanent%20alteration%20to%20the%20global%20atmosphere%20on%20human%20timescales.%20While%20the%20industries%20responsible%20for%20the%20vast%20majority%20of%20these%20emissions%20-%20aluminium%20smelting%20and%20semi-conductor%20manufacturing%20-%20have%20made%20efficiency%20improvements%20and%20introduced%20abatement%20measures%2C%20the%20global%20mean%20mole%20fractions%20of%20three%20PFCs%2C%20namely%20tetrafluoromethane%20%28CF4%2C%20PFC-14%29%2C%20hexafluoroethane%20%28C2F6%2C%20PFC-116%29%20and%20octafluoropropane%20%28C3F8%2C%20PFC-218%29%2C%20continue%20to%20grow.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20update%20baseline%20growth%20rates%20using%20in%20situ%20high-frequency%20measurements%20from%20the%20Advanced%20Global%20Atmospheric%20Gases%20Experiment%20%28AGAGE%29%20and%2C%20using%20data%20from%20four%20European%20stations%2C%20estimate%20PFC%20emissions%20for%20northwest%20Europe.%20The%20global%20growth%20rate%20of%20CF4%20decreased%20from%201.3%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20in%201979%20to%200.6%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20around%202010%20followed%20by%20a%20renewed%20steady%20increase%20to%200.9%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20in%202019.%20For%20C2F6%2C%20the%20growth%20rate%20grew%20to%20a%20maximum%20of%200.125%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20around%201999%2C%20followed%20by%20a%20decline%20to%20a%20minimum%20of%200.075%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20in%202009%2C%20followed%20by%20weak%20growth%20thereafter.%20The%20C3F8%20growth%20rate%20was%20around%200.007%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20until%20the%20early%201990s%20and%20then%20quickly%20grew%20to%20a%20maximum%20of%200.03%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20in%202003-2004.%20Following%20a%20period%20of%20decline%20until%202012%20to%200.015%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20%2C%20the%20growth%20rate%20slowly%20increased%20again%20to%20similar%20to%200.017%20ppt%20yr%28-1%29%20in%202019.%20We%20used%20an%20inverse%20modelling%20framework%20to%20infer%20PFC%20emissions%20for%20northwest%20Europe.%20No%20statistically%20significant%20trend%20in%20regional%20emissions%20was%20observed%20for%20any%20of%20the%20PFCs%20assessed.%20For%20CF4%2C%20European%20emissions%20in%20early%20years%20were%20linked%20predominantly%20to%20the%20aluminium%20industry.%20However%2C%20we%20link%20large%20emissions%20in%20recent%20years%20to%20a%20chemical%20manufacturer%20in%20northwest%20Italy.%20Emissions%20of%20C2F6%20are%20linked%20to%20a%20range%20of%20sources%2C%20including%20a%20semi-conductor%20manufacturer%20in%20Ireland%20and%20a%20cluster%20of%20smelters%20in%20Germany%27s%20Ruhr%20valley.%20In%20contrast%2C%20northwest%20European%20emissions%20of%20C3F8%20are%20dominated%20by%20a%20single%20source%20in%20northwest%20England%2C%20raising%20the%20possibility%20of%20using%20emissions%20from%20this%20site%20for%20a%20tracer%20release%20experiment.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-21-2149-2021%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7316%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A13%3A53Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2299LK3QE7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Montzka%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMontzka%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Dutton%2C%20G.%20S.%2C%20Portmann%2C%20R.%20W.%2C%20Chipperfield%2C%20M.%20P.%2C%20Davis%2C%20S.%2C%20Feng%2C%20W.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Ray%2C%20E.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Hall%2C%20B.%20D.%2C%20Siso%2C%20C.%2C%20Nance%2C%20J.%20D.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Theodoridi%2C%20C.%20%282021%29.%20A%20decline%20in%20global%20CFC-11%20emissions%20during%202018%26%23x2212%3B2019.%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E590%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287846%29%2C%20428%26%23x2013%3B432.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-021-03260-5%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-021-03260-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20decline%20in%20global%20CFC-11%20emissions%20during%202018%5Cu22122019%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geoffrey%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dutton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Portmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martyn%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chipperfield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sean%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wuhu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Feng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alistair%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eric%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bradley%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siso%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dickon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ray%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Elkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Helen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Walter-Terrinoni%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Theodoridi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20atmospheric%20concentration%20of%20trichlorofluoromethane%20%28CFC-11%29%20has%20been%20in%20decline%20since%20the%20production%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances%20was%20phased%20out%20under%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol1%2C2.%20Since%202013%2C%20the%20concentration%20decline%20of%20CFC-11%20slowed%20unexpectedly%20owing%20to%20increasing%20emissions%2C%20probably%20from%20unreported%20production%2C%20which%2C%20if%20sustained%2C%20would%20delay%20the%20recovery%20of%20the%20stratospheric%20ozone%20layer1%5Cu201312.%20Here%20we%20report%20an%20accelerated%20decline%20in%20the%20global%20mean%20CFC-11%20concentration%20during%202019%20and%202020%2C%20derived%20from%20atmospheric%20concentration%20measurements%20at%20remote%20sites%20around%20the%20world.%20We%20find%20that%20global%20CFC-11%20emissions%20decreased%20by%2018%5Cu00a0%5Cu00b1%5Cu00a06%20gigagrams%20per%20year%20%2826%5Cu00a0%5Cu00b1%5Cu00a09%20per%20cent%3B%20one%20standard%20deviation%29%20from%202018%20to%202019%2C%20to%20a%202019%20value%20%2852%5Cu00a0%5Cu00b1%5Cu00a010%20gigagrams%20per%20year%29%20that%20is%20similar%20to%20the%202008%5Cu22122012%20mean.%20The%20decline%20in%20global%20emissions%20suggests%20a%20substantial%20decrease%20in%20unreported%20CFC-11%20production.%20If%20the%20sharp%20decline%20in%20unexpected%20global%20emissions%20and%20unreported%20production%20is%20sustained%2C%20any%20associated%20future%20ozone%20depletion%20is%20likely%20to%20be%20limited%2C%20despite%20an%20increase%20in%20the%20CFC-11%20bank%20%28the%20amount%20of%20CFC-11%20produced%2C%20but%20not%20yet%20emitted%29%20by%2090%20to%20725%20gigagrams%20by%20the%20beginning%20of%202020.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41586-021-03260-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221476-4687%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A14%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228LVB6AYE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Park%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPark%2C%20S.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Saito%2C%20T.%2C%20Redington%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Henne%2C%20S.%2C%20Fang%2C%20X.%20K.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Montzka%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Liang%2C%20Q.%2C%20Mhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Park%2C%20H.%2C%20Park%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Rigby%2C%20M.%20%282021%29.%20A%20decline%20in%20emissions%20of%20CFC-11%20and%20related%20chemicals%20from%20eastern%20China.%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E590%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287846%29%2C%20433-%2B.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-021-03277-w%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-021-03277-w%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20decline%20in%20emissions%20of%20CFC-11%20and%20related%20chemicals%20from%20eastern%20China%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Redington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Emissions%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances%2C%20including%20trichlorofluoromethane%20%28CFC-11%29%2C%20have%20decreased%20since%20the%20mid-1980s%20in%20response%20to%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%281%2C2%29.%20In%20recent%20years%2C%20an%20unexpected%20increase%20in%20CFC-11%20emissions%20beginning%20in%202013%20has%20been%20reported%2C%20with%20much%20of%20the%20global%20rise%20attributed%20to%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China%283%2C4%29.%20Here%20we%20use%20high-frequency%20atmospheric%20mole%20fraction%20observations%20from%20Gosan%2C%20South%20Korea%20and%20Hateruma%2C%20Japan%2C%20together%20with%20atmospheric%20chemical%20transport-model%20simulations%2C%20to%20investigate%20regional%20CFC-11%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China.%20We%20find%20that%20CFC-11%20emissions%20returned%20to%20pre-2013%20levels%20in%202019%20%285.0%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.0%20gigagrams%20per%20year%20in%202019%2C%20compared%20to%207.2%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.5%20gigagrams%20per%20year%20for%202008-2012%2C%20%2B%5C%2F-%201%20standard%20deviation%29%2C%20decreasing%20by%2010%20%2B%5C%2F-%203%20gigagrams%20per%20year%20since%202014-2017.%20Furthermore%2C%20we%20find%20that%20in%20this%20region%2C%20carbon%20tetrachloride%20%28CCl4%29%20and%20dichlorodifluoromethane%20%28CFC-12%29%20emissions-potentially%20associated%20with%20CFC-11%20production-were%20higher%20than%20expected%20after%202013%20and%20then%20declined%20one%20to%20two%20years%20before%20the%20CFC-11%20emissions%20reduction.%20This%20suggests%20that%20CFC-11%20production%20occurred%20in%20eastern%20China%20after%20the%20mandated%20global%20phase-out%2C%20and%20that%20there%20was%20a%20subsequent%20decline%20in%20production%20during%202017-2018.%20We%20estimate%20that%20the%20amount%20of%20the%20CFC-11%20bank%20%28the%20amount%20of%20CFC-11%20produced%2C%20but%20not%20yet%20emitted%29%20in%20eastern%20China%20is%20up%20to%20112%20gigagrams%20larger%20in%202019%20compared%20to%20pre-2013%20levels%2C%20probably%20as%20a%20result%20of%20recent%20production.%20Nevertheless%2C%20it%20seems%20that%20any%20substantial%20delay%20in%20ozone-layer%20recovery%20has%20been%20avoided%2C%20perhaps%20owing%20to%20timely%20reporting%283%2C4%29%20and%20subsequent%20action%20by%20industry%20and%20government%20in%20China%285%2C6%29.%20Atmospheric%20data%20and%20chemical-transport%20modelling%20show%20that%20CFC-11%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China%20have%20again%20decreased%2C%20after%20increasing%20in%202013-2017%2C%20and%20a%20delay%20in%20ozone-layer%20recovery%20has%20probably%20been%20avoided.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41586-021-03277-w%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T16%3A14%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22J4NNV3N8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tian%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETian%2C%20H.%20Q.%2C%20Xu%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20Canadell%2C%20J.%20G.%2C%20Thompson%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20Winiwarter%2C%20W.%2C%20Suntharalingam%2C%20P.%2C%20Davidson%2C%20E.%20A.%2C%20Ciais%2C%20P.%2C%20Jackson%2C%20R.%20B.%2C%20Janssens-Maenhout%2C%20G.%2C%20Prather%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Regnier%2C%20P.%2C%20Pan%2C%20N.%20Q.%2C%20Pan%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20Peters%2C%20G.%20P.%2C%20Shi%2C%20H.%2C%20Tubiello%2C%20F.%20N.%2C%20Zaehle%2C%20S.%2C%20Zhou%2C%20F.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Yao%2C%20Y.%20Z.%20%282020%29.%20A%20comprehensive%20quantification%20of%20global%20nitrous%20oxide%20sources%20and%20sinks.%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E586%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287828%29%2C%20248-%2B.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-020-2780-0%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-020-2780-0%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20comprehensive%20quantification%20of%20global%20nitrous%20oxide%20sources%20and%20sinks%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Canadell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Winiwarter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Suntharalingam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davidson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ciais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jackson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Janssens-Maenhout%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prather%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Regnier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tubiello%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zaehle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arneth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Battaglia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berthet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bopp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouwman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buitenhuis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chipperfield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dangal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dlugokencky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Elkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eyre%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landolfi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laruelle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lauerwald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lienert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maavara%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacLeod%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Millet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Raymond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ruiz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20der%20Werf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vuichard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wells%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yao%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Bottom-up%20and%20top-down%20approaches%20are%20used%20to%20quantify%20global%20nitrous%20oxide%20sources%20and%20sinks%20resulting%20from%20both%20natural%20and%20anthropogenic%20sources%2C%20revealing%20a%2030%25%20increase%20in%20global%20human-induced%20emissions%20between%201980%20and%202016.%20Nitrous%20oxide%20%28N2O%29%2C%20like%20carbon%20dioxide%2C%20is%20a%20long-lived%20greenhouse%20gas%20that%20accumulates%20in%20the%20atmosphere.%20Over%20the%20past%20150%20years%2C%20increasing%20atmospheric%20N2O%20concentrations%20have%20contributed%20to%20stratospheric%20ozone%20depletion%281%29and%20climate%20change%282%29%2C%20with%20the%20current%20rate%20of%20increase%20estimated%20at%202%20per%20cent%20per%20decade.%20Existing%20national%20inventories%20do%20not%20provide%20a%20full%20picture%20of%20N2O%20emissions%2C%20owing%20to%20their%20omission%20of%20natural%20sources%20and%20limitations%20in%20methodology%20for%20attributing%20anthropogenic%20sources.%20Here%20we%20present%20a%20global%20N2O%20inventory%20that%20incorporates%20both%20natural%20and%20anthropogenic%20sources%20and%20accounts%20for%20the%20interaction%20between%20nitrogen%20additions%20and%20the%20biochemical%20processes%20that%20control%20N2O%20emissions.%20We%20use%20bottom-up%20%28inventory%2C%20statistical%20extrapolation%20of%20flux%20measurements%2C%20process-based%20land%20and%20ocean%20modelling%29%20and%20top-down%20%28atmospheric%20inversion%29%20approaches%20to%20provide%20a%20comprehensive%20quantification%20of%20global%20N2O%20sources%20and%20sinks%20resulting%20from%2021%20natural%20and%20human%20sectors%20between%201980%20and%202016.%20Global%20N2O%20emissions%20were%2017.0%20%28minimum-maximum%20estimates%3A%2012.2-23.5%29%20teragrams%20of%20nitrogen%20per%20year%20%28bottom-up%29%20and%2016.9%20%2815.9-17.7%29%20teragrams%20of%20nitrogen%20per%20year%20%28top-down%29%20between%202007%20and%202016.%20Global%20human-induced%20emissions%2C%20which%20are%20dominated%20by%20nitrogen%20additions%20to%20croplands%2C%20increased%20by%2030%25%20over%20the%20past%20four%20decades%20to%207.3%20%284.2-11.4%29%20teragrams%20of%20nitrogen%20per%20year.%20This%20increase%20was%20mainly%20responsible%20for%20the%20growth%20in%20the%20atmospheric%20burden.%20Our%20findings%20point%20to%20growing%20N2O%20emissions%20in%20emerging%20economies-particularly%20Brazil%2C%20China%20and%20India.%20Analysis%20of%20process-based%20model%20estimates%20reveals%20an%20emerging%20N2O-climate%20feedback%20resulting%20from%20interactions%20between%20nitrogen%20additions%20and%20climate%20change.%20The%20recent%20growth%20in%20N2O%20emissions%20exceeds%20some%20of%20the%20highest%20projected%20emission%20scenarios%283%2C4%29%2C%20underscoring%20the%20urgency%20to%20mitigate%20N2O%20emissions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41586-020-2780-0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T17%3A46%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22STSETG5C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ganesan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A8%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGanesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Manizza%2C%20M.%2C%20Morgan%2C%20E.%20J.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Kozlova%2C%20E.%2C%20Lueker%2C%20T.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Lunt%2C%20M.%20F.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Lavric%2C%20J.%20V.%2C%20Heimann%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rigby%2C%20M.%20%282020%29.%20Marine%20nitrous%20oxide%20emissions%20from%20three%20Eastern%20Boundary%20Upwelling%20Systems%20inferred%20from%20atmospheric%20observations.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E47%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2814%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020gl087822%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020gl087822%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Marine%20nitrous%20oxide%20emissions%20from%20three%20Eastern%20Boundary%20Upwelling%20Systems%20inferred%20from%20atmospheric%20observations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manizza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morgan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kozlova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lueker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lunt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lavric%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Eastern%20Boundary%20Upwelling%20Systems%20%28EBUSs%29%20are%20coastal%20hotspots%20of%20the%20potent%20greenhouse%20gas%20nitrous%20oxide%20%28N2O%29.%20However%2C%20estimates%20of%20their%20emissions%20suffer%20from%20large%20uncertainties%20due%20to%20their%20significant%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20heterogeneity.%20Here%2C%20we%20derive%20the%20first%20multiyear%2C%20monthly%20resolution%20N2O%20emissions%20from%20three%20of%20the%20four%20major%20EBUSs%20using%20high-frequency%20coastal%20atmospheric%20measurements%20and%20an%20inverse%20method.%20We%20find%20average%20combined%20N2O%20emissions%20from%20the%20northern%20California%2C%20Benguela%2C%20and%20southern%20Canary%20upwelling%20systems%20to%20be%2057.7%20%2851.4-63.9%29%20Gg-N%20yr%28-1%29.%20We%20also%20find%20an%20offshore%20region%20near%20the%20Benguela%20EBUS%20that%20exhibits%20large%20pulses%20of%20emissions%20with%20emissions%20that%20reach%20677%20Gg-N%20yr%28-1%29%20in%201%20month.%20Our%20findings%20highlight%20that%20atmospheric%20measurements%20coupled%20with%20inverse%20modeling%20can%20capture%20the%20large%20variability%20in%20EBUS%20emissions%20by%20quantifying%20emissions%20over%20large%20spatial%20distances%20and%20over%20long%20time%20periods%20compared%20to%20previous%20methods%20using%20traditional%20oceanographic%20measurements.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20Eastern%20Boundary%20Upwelling%20Systems%20%28EBUSs%29%20are%20important%20emissions%20hotspots%20of%20marine%20nitrous%20oxide%20to%20the%20atmosphere%2C%20where%20it%20acts%20as%20a%20greenhouse%20gas%20and%20ozone%20depleting%20substance.%20Emissions%20from%20the%20EBUSs%20are%20highly%20episodic%2C%20and%20most%20previous%20estimates%20are%20snapshots%20derived%20from%20ship-based%20measurements.%20The%20variability%20in%20emissions%20combined%20with%20the%20sparsity%20of%20measurements%20makes%20EBUS%20emission%20estimates%20highly%20uncertain.%20Here%2C%20we%20use%20multiyear%2C%20near-continuous%20atmospheric%20measurements%20from%20coastal%20stations%20and%20an%20inverse%20modeling%20framework%20to%20derive%20emissions%20from%20three%20of%20the%20four%20major%20EBUSs.%20Our%20results%20quantify%20the%20significant%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20variability%20in%20emissions%2C%20which%20is%20not%20well-represented%20in%20global%20studies%20of%20marine%20nitrous%20oxide%20emissions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020gl087822%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%2C%22MCXPFWIN%22%2C%22TY2S6GRV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-21T00%3A12%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22H7JYW7JX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Babbin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBabbin%2C%20A.%20R.%2C%20Boles%2C%20E.%20L.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%20%282020%29.%20On%20the%20natural%20spatio-temporal%20heterogeneity%20of%20South%20Pacific%20nitrous%20oxide.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Communications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-020-17509-6%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-020-17509-6%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22On%20the%20natural%20spatio-temporal%20heterogeneity%20of%20South%20Pacific%20nitrous%20oxide%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Babbin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Nitrous%20oxide%20%28N2O%29%20is%20a%20powerful%20greenhouse%20gas%20and%20ozone%20depleting%20substance%2C%20but%20its%20natural%20sources%2C%20especially%20marine%20emissions%2C%20are%20poorly%20constrained.%20Localized%20high%20concentrations%20have%20been%20observed%20in%20the%20oxygen%20minimum%20zones%20%28OMZs%29%20of%20the%20tropical%20Pacific%20but%20the%20impacts%20of%20El%20Nino%20cycles%20on%20this%20key%20source%20region%20are%20unknown.%20Here%20we%20show%20atmospheric%20monitoring%20station%20measurements%20in%20Samoa%20combined%20with%20atmospheric%20back-trajectories%20provide%20novel%20information%20on%20N2O%20variability%20across%20the%20South%20Pacific.%20Remarkable%20elevations%20in%20Samoan%20concentrations%20are%20obtained%20in%20air%20parcels%20that%20pass%20over%20the%20OMZ.%20The%20data%20further%20reveal%20that%20average%20concentrations%20of%20these%20OMZ%20air%20parcels%20are%20augmented%20during%20La%20Nina%20and%20decrease%20sharply%20during%20El%20Nino.%20The%20observed%20natural%20spatial%20heterogeneities%20and%20temporal%20dynamics%20in%20marine%20N2O%20emissions%20can%20confound%20attempts%20to%20develop%20future%20projections%20of%20this%20climatically%20active%20gas%20as%20low%20oxygen%20zones%20are%20predicted%20to%20expand%20and%20El%20Nino%20cycles%20change.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41467-020-17509-6%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222041-1723%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T17%3A42%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AZKMU22T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Saunois%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESaunois%2C%20M.%2C%20Stavert%2C%20A.%20R.%2C%20Poulter%2C%20B.%2C%20Bousquet%2C%20P.%2C%20Canadell%2C%20J.%20G.%2C%20Jackson%2C%20R.%20B.%2C%20Raymond%2C%20P.%20A.%2C%20Dlugokencky%2C%20E.%20J.%2C%20Houweling%2C%20S.%2C%20Patra%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Ciais%2C%20P.%2C%20Arora%2C%20V.%20K.%2C%20Bastviken%2C%20D.%2C%20Bergamaschi%2C%20P.%2C%20Blake%2C%20D.%20R.%2C%20Brailsford%2C%20G.%2C%20Bruhwiler%2C%20L.%2C%20Carlson%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20Carrol%2C%20M.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Zhuang%2C%20Q.%20L.%20%282020%29.%20The%20Global%20Methane%20Budget%202000-2017.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20System%20Science%20Data%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E12%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%201561%26%23x2013%3B1623.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fessd-12-1561-2020%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fessd-12-1561-2020%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Global%20Methane%20Budget%202000-2017%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saunois%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stavert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Poulter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bousquet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Canadell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jackson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Raymond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dlugokencky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Houweling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ciais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bastviken%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergamaschi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blake%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brailsford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bruhwiler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carlson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carrol%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Castaldi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chandra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crevoisier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Covey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Curry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Etiope%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frankenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gedney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hegglin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoglund-Isaksson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hugelius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ishizawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Janssens-Maenhout%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jensen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kleinen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Langenfelds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laruelle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Machida%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maksyutov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McNorton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morino%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murguia-Flores%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Naik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Niwa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Noce%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prigent%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramonet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Regnier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosentreter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Segers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simpson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thornton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tohjima%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tubiello%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tsuruta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Viovy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Voulgarakis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Weele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20der%20Werf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Worthy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wunch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yoshida%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhuang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Understanding%20and%20quantifying%20the%20global%20methane%20%28CH4%29%20budget%20is%20important%20for%20assessing%20realistic%20pathways%20to%20mitigate%20climate%20change.%20Atmospheric%20emissions%20and%20concentrations%20of%20CH4%20continue%20to%20increase%2C%20making%20CH4%20the%20second%20most%20important%20human-influenced%20greenhouse%20gas%20in%20terms%20of%20climate%20forcing%2C%20after%20carbon%20dioxide%20%28CO2%29.%20The%20relative%20importance%20of%20CH4%20compared%20to%20CO2%20depends%20on%20its%20shorter%20atmospheric%20lifetime%2C%20stronger%20warming%20potential%2C%20and%20variations%20in%20atmospheric%20growth%20rate%20over%20the%20past%20decade%2C%20the%20causes%20of%20which%20are%20still%20debated.%20Two%20major%20challenges%20in%20reducing%20uncertainties%20in%20the%20atmospheric%20growth%20rate%20arise%20from%20the%20variety%20of%20geographically%20overlapping%20CH4%20sources%20and%20from%20the%20destruction%20of%20CH4%20by%20short-lived%20hydroxyl%20radicals%20%28OH%29.%20To%20address%20these%20challenges%2C%20we%20have%20established%20a%20consortium%20of%20multidisciplinary%20scientists%20under%20the%20umbrella%20of%20the%20Global%20Carbon%20Project%20to%20synthesize%20and%20stimulate%20new%20research%20aimed%20at%20improving%20and%20regularly%20updating%20the%20global%20methane%20budget.%20Following%20Saunois%20et%20al.%20%282016%29%2C%20we%20present%20here%20the%20second%20version%20of%20the%20living%20review%20paper%20dedicated%20to%20the%20decadal%20methane%20budget%2C%20integrating%20results%20of%20top-down%20studies%20%28atmospheric%20observations%20within%20an%20atmospheric%20inverse-modelling%20framework%29%20and%20bottom-up%20estimates%20%28including%20process-based%20models%20for%20estimating%20land%20surface%20emissions%20and%20atmospheric%20chemistry%2C%20inventories%20of%20anthropogenic%20emissions%2C%20and%20data-driven%20extrapolations%29.%20For%20the%202008-2017%20decade%2C%20global%20methane%20emissions%20are%20estimated%20by%20atmospheric%20inversions%20%28a%20top-down%20approach%29%20to%20be%20576%20Tg%20CH4%20yr%28-1%29%20%28range%20550-594%2C%20corresponding%20to%20the%20minimum%20and%20maximum%20estimates%20of%20the%20model%20ensemble%29.%20Of%20this%20total%2C%20359%20Tg%20CH4%20yr%28-1%29%20or%20similar%20to%2060%20%25%20is%20attributed%20to%20anthropogenic%20sources%2C%20that%20is%20emissions%20caused%20by%20direct%20human%20activity%20%28i.e.%20anthropogenic%20emissions%3B%20range%20336-376%20Tg%20CH4%20yr%28-1%29%20or%2050%20%25-65%20%25%29.%20The%20mean%20annual%20total%20emission%20for%20the%20new%20decade%20%282008-2017%29%20is%2029%20Tg%20CH4%20yr%28-1%29%20larger%20than%20our%20estimate%20for%20the%20previous%20decade%20%282000-2009%29%2C%20and%2024%20Tg%20CH4%20yr%28-1%29%20larger%20than%20the%20one%20reported%20in%20the%20previous%20budget%20for%202003-2012%20%28Saunois%20et%20al.%2C%202016%29.%20Since%202012%2C%20global%20CH4%20emissions%20have%20been%20tracking%20the%20warmest%20scenarios%20assessed%20by%20the%20Intergovernmental%20Panel%20on%20Climate%20Change.%20Bottom-up%20methods%20suggest%20almost%2030%20%25%20larger%20global%20emissions%20%28737%20Tg%20CH4%20yr%28-1%29%2C%20range%20594-881%29%20than%20top-down%20inversion%20methods.%20Indeed%2C%20bottom-up%20estimates%20for%20natural%20sources%20such%20as%20natural%20wetlands%2C%20other%20inland%20water%20systems%2C%20and%20geological%20sources%20are%20higher%20than%20top-down%20estimates.%20The%20atmospheric%20constraints%20on%20the%20top-down%20budget%20suggest%20that%20at%20least%20some%20of%20these%20bottom-up%20emissions%20are%20overestimated.%20The%20latitudinal%20distribution%20of%20atmospheric%20observation-based%20emissions%20indicates%20a%20predominance%20of%20tropical%20emissions%20%28similar%20to%2065%20%25%20of%20the%20global%20budget%2C%20%3C%2030%20degrees%20N%29%20compared%20to%20mid-latitudes%20%28similar%20to%2030%20%25%2C%2030-60%20degrees%20N%29%20and%20high%20northern%20latitudes%20%28similar%20to%204%20%25%2C%2060-90%20degrees%20N%29.%20The%20most%20important%20source%20of%20uncertainty%20in%20the%20methane%20budget%20is%20attributable%20to%20natural%20emissions%2C%20especially%20those%20from%20wetlands%20and%20other%20inland%20waters.%20Some%20of%20our%20global%20source%20estimates%20are%20smaller%20than%20those%20in%20previously%20published%20budgets%20%28Saunois%20et%20al.%2C%202016%3B%20Kirschke%20et%20al.%2C%202013%29.%20In%20particular%20wetland%20emissions%20are%20about%2035%20Tg%20CH4%20yr%28-1%29%20lower%20due%20to%20improved%20partition%20wetlands%20and%20other%20inland%20waters.%20Emissions%20from%20geological%20sources%20and%20wild%20animals%20are%20also%20found%20to%20be%20smaller%20by%207%20Tg%20CH4%20yr%28-1%29%20by%208%20Tg%20CH4%20yr%28-1%29%2C%20respectively.%20However%2C%20the%20overall%20discrepancy%20between%20bottomup%20and%20top-down%20estimates%20has%20been%20reduced%20by%20only%205%20%25%20compared%20to%20Saunois%20et%20al.%20%282016%29%2C%20due%20to%20a%20higher%20estimate%20of%20emissions%20from%20inland%20waters%2C%20highlighting%20the%20need%20for%20more%20detailed%20research%20on%20emissions%20factors.%20Priorities%20for%20improving%20the%20methane%20budget%20include%20%28i%29%20a%20global%2C%20high-resolution%20map%20of%20water-saturated%20soils%20and%20inundated%20areas%20emitting%20methane%20based%20on%20a%20robust%20classification%20of%20different%20types%20of%20emitting%20habitats%3B%20%28ii%29%20further%20development%20of%20process-based%20models%20for%20inland-water%20emissions%3B%20%28iii%29%20intensification%20of%20methane%20observations%20at%20local%20scales%20%28e.g.%2C%20FLUXNET-CH4%20measurements%29%20and%20urban-scale%20monitoring%20to%20constrain%20bottom-up%20land%20surface%20models%2C%20and%20at%20regional%20scales%20%28surface%20networks%20and%20satellites%29%20to%20constrain%20atmospheric%20inversions%3B%20%28iv%29%20improvements%20of%20transport%20models%20and%20the%20representation%20of%20photochemical%20sinks%20in%20top-down%20inversions%3B%20and%20%28v%29%20development%20of%20a%203D%20variational%20inversion%20system%20using%20isotopic%20and%5C%2For%20co-emitted%20species%20such%20as%20ethane%20to%20improve%20source%20partitioning.%20The%20data%20presented%20here%20can%20be%20downloaded%20from%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.18160%5C%2FGCP-CH4-2019%20%28Saunois%20et%20al.%2C%202020%29%20and%20from%20the%20Global%20Carbon%20Project.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Fessd-12-1561-2020%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221866-3508%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T17%3A46%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2234IEHPFA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Simmonds%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESimmonds%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20Stanley%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20McCulloch%2C%20A.%2C%20Henne%2C%20S.%2C%20Graziosi%2C%20F.%2C%20Maione%2C%20M.%2C%20Arduini%2C%20J.%2C%20Reimann%2C%20S.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%20%282020%29.%20The%20increasing%20atmospheric%20burden%20of%20the%20greenhouse%20gas%20sulfur%20hexafluoride%20%28SF6%29.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E20%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%207271%26%23x2013%3B7290.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-20-7271-2020%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-20-7271-2020%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20increasing%20atmospheric%20burden%20of%20the%20greenhouse%20gas%20sulfur%20hexafluoride%20%28SF6%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McCulloch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Graziosi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maione%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arduini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arnold%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rennick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitrevski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20H.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20report%20a%2040-year%20history%20of%20SF6%20atmospheric%20mole%20fractions%20measured%20at%20the%20Advanced%20Global%20Atmospheric%20Gases%20Experiment%20%28AGAGE%29%20monitoring%20sites%2C%20combined%20with%20archived%20air%20samples%2C%20to%20determine%20emission%20estimates%20from%201978%20to%202018.%20Previously%20we%20reported%20a%20global%20emission%20rate%20of%207.3%5Cu00b10.6%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20in%202008%20and%20over%20the%20past%20decade%20emissions%20have%20continued%20to%20increase%20by%20about%2024%5Cu2009%25%20to%209.04%5Cu00b10.35%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20in%202018.%20We%20show%20that%20changing%20patterns%20in%20SF6%20consumption%20from%20developed%20%28Kyoto%20Protocol%20Annex-1%29%20to%20developing%20countries%20%28non-Annex-1%29%20and%20the%20rapid%20global%20expansion%20of%20the%20electric%20power%20industry%2C%20mainly%20in%20Asia%2C%20have%20increased%20the%20demand%20for%20SF6-insulated%20switchgear%2C%20circuit%20breakers%2C%20and%20transformers.%20The%20large%20bank%20of%20SF6%20sequestered%20in%20this%20electrical%20equipment%20provides%20a%20substantial%20source%20of%20emissions%20from%20maintenance%2C%20replacement%2C%20and%20continuous%20leakage.%20Other%20emissive%20sources%20of%20SF6%20occur%20from%20the%20magnesium%2C%20aluminium%2C%20and%20electronics%20industries%20as%20well%20as%20more%20minor%20industrial%20applications.%20More%20recently%2C%20reported%20emissions%2C%20including%20those%20from%20electrical%20equipment%20and%20metal%20industries%2C%20primarily%20in%20the%20Annex-1%20countries%2C%20have%20declined%20steadily%20through%20substitution%20of%20alternative%20blanketing%20gases%20and%20technological%20improvements%20in%20less%20emissive%20equipment%20and%20more%20efficient%20industrial%20practices.%20Nevertheless%2C%20there%20are%20still%20demands%20for%20SF6%20in%20Annex-1%20countries%20due%20to%20economic%20growth%2C%20as%20well%20as%20continuing%20emissions%20from%20older%20equipment%20and%20additional%20emissions%20from%20newly%20installed%20SF6-insulated%20electrical%20equipment%2C%20although%20at%20low%20emission%20rates.%20In%20addition%2C%20in%20the%20non-Annex-1%20countries%2C%20SF6%20emissions%20have%20increased%20due%20to%20an%20expansion%20in%20the%20growth%20of%20the%20electrical%20power%2C%20metal%2C%20and%20electronics%20industries%20to%20support%20their%20continuing%20development.%5Cn%5CnThere%20is%20an%20annual%20difference%20of%202.5%5Cu20135%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20%281990%5Cu20132018%29%20between%20our%20modelled%20top-down%20emissions%20and%20the%20UNFCCC-reported%20bottom-up%20emissions%20%28United%20Nations%20Framework%20Convention%20on%20Climate%20Change%29%2C%20which%20we%20attempt%20to%20reconcile%20through%20analysis%20of%20the%20potential%20contribution%20of%20emissions%20from%20the%20various%20industrial%20applications%20which%20use%20SF6.%20We%20also%20investigate%20regional%20emissions%20in%20East%20Asia%20%28China%2C%20S.%20Korea%29%20and%20western%20Europe%20and%20their%20respective%20contributions%20to%20the%20global%20atmospheric%20SF6%20inventory.%20On%20an%20average%20annual%20basis%2C%20our%20estimated%20emissions%20from%20the%20whole%20of%20China%20are%20approximately%2010%20times%20greater%20than%20emissions%20from%20western%20Europe.%20In%202018%2C%20our%20modelled%20Chinese%20and%20western%20European%20emissions%20accounted%20for%20%5Cu223c36%5Cu2009%25%20and%203.1%5Cu2009%25%2C%20respectively%2C%20of%20our%20global%20SF6%20emissions%20estimate.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-20-7271-2020%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7324%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T17%3A43%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XF5XMCFZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dyonisius%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDyonisius%2C%20M.%20N.%2C%20Petrenko%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20Smith%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Hua%2C%20Q.%2C%20Yang%2C%20B.%2C%20Schmitt%2C%20J.%2C%20Beck%2C%20J.%2C%20Seth%2C%20B.%2C%20Bock%2C%20M.%2C%20Hmiel%2C%20B.%2C%20Vimont%2C%20I.%2C%20Menking%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Shackleton%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Baggenstos%2C%20D.%2C%20Bauska%2C%20T.%20K.%2C%20Rhodes%2C%20R.%20H.%2C%20Sperlich%2C%20P.%2C%20Beaudette%2C%20R.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%20%282020%29.%20Old%20carbon%20reservoirs%20were%20not%20important%20in%20the%20deglacial%20methane%20budget.%20%3Ci%3EScience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E367%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286480%29%2C%20907-%2B.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.aax0504%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.aax0504%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Old%20carbon%20reservoirs%20were%20not%20important%20in%20the%20deglacial%20methane%20budget%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dyonisius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petrenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hua%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hmiel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vimont%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Menking%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shackleton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baggenstos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bauska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rhodes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sperlich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beaudette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kalk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brook%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fischer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Severinghaus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Permafrost%20and%20methane%20hydrates%20are%20large%2C%20climate-sensitive%20old%20carbon%20reservoirs%20that%20have%20the%20potential%20to%20emit%20large%20quantities%20of%20methane%2C%20a%20potent%20greenhouse%20gas%2C%20as%20the%20Earth%20continues%20to%20warm.%20We%20present%20ice%20core%20isotopic%20measurements%20of%20methane%20%28Delta%20C-14%2C%20delta%20C-13%2C%20and%20delta%20D%29%20from%20the%20last%20deglaciation%2C%20which%20is%20a%20partial%20analog%20for%20modern%20warming.%20Our%20results%20show%20that%20methane%20emissions%20from%20old%20carbon%20reservoirs%20in%20response%20to%20deglacial%20warming%20were%20small%20%28%3C19%20teragrams%20of%20methane%20per%20year%2C%2095%25%20confidence%20interval%29%20and%20argue%20against%20similar%20methane%20emissions%20in%20response%20to%20future%20warming.%20Our%20results%20also%20indicate%20that%20methane%20emissions%20from%20biomass%20burning%20in%20the%20pre-Industrial%20Holocene%20were%2022%20to%2056%20teragrams%20of%20methane%20per%20year%20%2895%25%20confidence%20interval%29%2C%20which%20is%20comparable%20to%20today.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.aax0504%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220036-8075%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WBZK3IXM%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T18%3A58%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NYTYUGEY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hmiel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHmiel%2C%20B.%2C%20Petrenko%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20Dyonisius%2C%20M.%20N.%2C%20Buizert%2C%20C.%2C%20Smith%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Place%2C%20P.%20F.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%2C%20Beaudette%2C%20R.%2C%20Hua%2C%20Q.%2C%20Yang%2C%20B.%2C%20Vimont%2C%20I.%2C%20Michel%2C%20S.%20E.%2C%20Severinghaus%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Etheridge%2C%20D.%2C%20Bromley%2C%20T.%2C%20Schmitt%2C%20J.%2C%20Fa%3Fn%2C%20X.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Dlugokencky%2C%20E.%20%282020%29.%20Preindustrial%20%28CH4%29-C-14%20indicates%20greater%20anthropogenic%20fossil%20CH4%20emissions.%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E578%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287795%29%2C%20409-%2B.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-020-1991-8%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-020-1991-8%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Preindustrial%20%28CH4%29-C-14%20indicates%20greater%20anthropogenic%20fossil%20CH4%20emissions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hmiel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petrenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dyonisius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buizert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Place%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beaudette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hua%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vimont%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Michel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Severinghaus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Etheridge%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bromley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fa%3Fn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dlugokencky%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Atmospheric%20methane%20%28CH4%29%20is%20a%20potent%20greenhouse%20gas%2C%20and%20its%20mole%20fraction%20has%20more%20than%20doubled%20since%20the%20preindustrial%20era%281%29.%20Fossil%20fuel%20extraction%20and%20use%20are%20among%20the%20largest%20anthropogenic%20sources%20of%20CH4%20emissions%2C%20but%20the%20precise%20magnitude%20of%20these%20contributions%20is%20a%20subject%20of%20debate%282%2C3%29.%20Carbon-14%20in%20CH4%20%28%28CH4%29-C-14%29%20can%20be%20used%20to%20distinguish%20between%20fossil%20%28C-14-free%29%20CH4%20emissions%20and%20contemporaneous%20biogenic%20sources%3B%20however%2C%20poorly%20constrained%20direct%20%28CH4%29-C-14%20emissions%20from%20nuclear%20reactors%20have%20complicated%20this%20approach%20since%20the%20middle%20of%20the%2020th%20century%284%2C5%29.%20Moreover%2C%20the%20partitioning%20of%20total%20fossil%20CH4%20emissions%20%28presently%20172%20to%20195%20teragrams%20CH4%20per%20year%29%282%2C3%29%20between%20anthropogenic%20and%20natural%20geological%20sources%20%28such%20as%20seeps%20and%20mud%20volcanoes%29%20is%20under%20debate%3B%20emission%20inventories%20suggest%20that%20the%20latter%20account%20for%20about%2040%20to%2060%20teragrams%20CH4%20per%20year%286%2C7%29.%20Geological%20emissions%20were%20less%20than%2015.4%20teragrams%20CH4%20per%20year%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20Pleistocene%2C%20about%2011%2C600%20years%20ago%288%29%2C%20but%20that%20period%20is%20an%20imperfect%20analogue%20for%20present-day%20emissions%20owing%20to%20the%20large%20terrestrial%20ice%20sheet%20cover%2C%20lower%20sea%20level%20and%20extensive%20permafrost.%20Here%20we%20use%20preindustrial-era%20ice%20core%20%28CH4%29-C-14%20measurements%20to%20show%20that%20natural%20geological%20CH4%20emissions%20to%20the%20atmosphere%20were%20about%201.6%20teragrams%20CH4%20per%20year%2C%20with%20a%20maximum%20of%205.4%20teragrams%20CH4%20per%20year%20%2895%20per%20cent%20confidence%20limit%29-an%20order%20of%20magnitude%20lower%20than%20the%20currently%20used%20estimates.%20This%20result%20indicates%20that%20anthropogenic%20fossil%20CH4%20emissions%20are%20underestimated%20by%20about%2038%20to%2058%20teragrams%20CH4%20per%20year%2C%20or%20about%2025%20to%2040%20per%20cent%20of%20recent%20estimates.%20Our%20record%20highlights%20the%20human%20impact%20on%20the%20atmosphere%20and%20climate%2C%20provides%20a%20firm%20target%20for%20inventories%20of%20the%20global%20CH4%20budget%2C%20and%20will%20help%20to%20inform%20strategies%20for%20targeted%20emission%20reductions%289%2C10%29.%20Isotopic%20evidence%20from%20ice%20cores%20indicates%20that%20preindustrial-era%20geological%20methane%20emissions%20were%20lower%20than%20previously%20thought%2C%20suggesting%20that%20present-day%20emissions%20of%20methane%20from%20fossil%20fuels%20are%20underestimated.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41586-020-1991-8%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WBZK3IXM%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T17%3A47%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T7EMYG8Y%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Stanley%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EStanley%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20Say%2C%20D.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%20J.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Simmonds%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rigby%2C%20M.%20%282020%29.%20Increase%20in%20global%20emissions%20of%20HFC-23%20despite%20near-total%20expected%20reductions.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Communications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-019-13899-4%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-019-13899-4%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Increase%20in%20global%20emissions%20of%20HFC-23%20despite%20near-total%20expected%20reductions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Say%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Under%20the%20Kigali%20Amendment%20to%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%2C%20new%20controls%20are%20being%20implemented%20to%20reduce%20emissions%20of%20HFC-23%20%28CHF3%29%2C%20a%20by-product%20during%20the%20manufacture%20of%20HCFC-22%20%28CHClF2%29.%20Starting%20in%202015%2C%20China%20and%20India%2C%20who%20dominate%20global%20HCFC-22%20production%20%2875%25%20in%202017%29%2C%20set%20out%20ambitious%20programs%20to%20reduce%20HFC-23%20emissions.%20Here%2C%20we%20estimate%20that%20these%20measures%20should%20have%20seen%20global%20emissions%20drop%20by%2087%25%20between%202014%20and%202017.%20Instead%2C%20atmospheric%20observations%20show%20that%20emissions%20have%20increased%20and%20in%202018%20were%20higher%20than%20at%20any%20point%20in%20history%20%2815.9%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.9%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%29.%20Given%20the%20magnitude%20of%20the%20discrepancy%20between%20expected%20and%20observation-inferred%20emissions%2C%20it%20is%20likely%20that%20the%20reported%20reductions%20have%20not%20fully%20materialized%20or%20there%20may%20be%20substantial%20unreported%20production%20of%20HCFC-22%2C%20resulting%20in%20unaccounted-for%20HFC-23%20by-product%20emissions.%20The%20difference%20between%20reported%20and%20observation-inferred%20estimates%20suggests%20that%20an%20additional%20similar%20to%20309%20Tg%20CO2-equivalent%20emissions%20were%20added%20to%20the%20atmosphere%20between%202015%20and%202017.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41467-019-13899-4%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222041-1723%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T18%3A31%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NT8J64K6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EM%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Trudinger%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Vollmer%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Say%2C%20D.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%2C%20Steele%2C%20L.%20P.%2C%20Ivy%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20Arnold%2C%20T.%2C%20Li%2C%20S.%2C%20Stohl%2C%20A.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20McCulloch%2C%20A.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Park%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%20%282019%29.%20Perfluorocyclobutane%20%28PFC-318%2C%20c-C4F8%29%20in%20the%20global%20atmosphere.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E19%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2815%29%2C%2010335%26%23x2013%3B10359.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-19-10335-2019%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-19-10335-2019%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Perfluorocyclobutane%20%28PFC-318%2C%20c-C4F8%29%20in%20the%20global%20atmosphere%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trudinger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Say%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ivy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arnold%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stohl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McCulloch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitrevski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hermansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lunder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evangeliou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hmiel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buizert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petrenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arduini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maione%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Etheridge%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Michalopoulou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Czerniak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Severinghaus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20reconstruct%20atmospheric%20abundances%20of%20the%20potent%20greenhouse%20gas%20c-C4F8%20%28perfluorocyclobutane%2C%20perfluorocarbon%20PFC-318%29%20from%20measurements%20of%20in%20situ%2C%20archived%2C%20firn%2C%20and%20aircraft%20air%20samples%20with%20precisions%20of%20%5Cu223c1%5Cu2009%25%5Cu20132%5Cu2009%25%20reported%20on%20the%20SIO-14%20gravimetric%20calibration%20scale.%20Combined%20with%20inverse%20methods%2C%20we%20found%20near-zero%20atmospheric%20abundances%20from%20the%20early%201900s%20to%20the%20early%201960s%2C%20after%20which%20they%20rose%20sharply%2C%20reaching%201.66%5Cu2009ppt%20%28parts%20per%20trillion%20dry-air%20mole%20fraction%29%20in%202017.%20Global%20c-C4F8%20emissions%20rose%20from%20near%20zero%20in%20the%201960s%20to%201.2%5Cu00b10.1%20%281%5Cu03c3%29%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20in%20the%20late%201970s%20to%20late%201980s%2C%20then%20declined%20to%200.77%5Cu00b10.03%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20in%20the%20mid-1990s%20to%20early%202000s%2C%20followed%20by%20a%20rise%20since%20the%20early%202000s%20to%202.20%5Cu00b10.05%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20in%202017.%20These%20emissions%20are%20significantly%20larger%20than%20inventory-based%20emission%20estimates.%20Estimated%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20Asia%20rose%20from%200.36%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20in%202010%20to%200.73%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20in%202016%20and%202017%2C%2031%5Cu2009%25%20of%20global%20emissions%2C%20mostly%20from%20eastern%20China.%20We%20estimate%20emissions%20of%200.14%5Cu2009Gg%5Cu2009yr%5Cu22121%20from%20northern%20and%20central%20India%20in%202016%20and%20find%20evidence%20for%20significant%20emissions%20from%20Russia.%20In%20contrast%2C%20recent%20emissions%20from%20northwestern%20Europe%20and%20Australia%20are%20estimated%20to%20be%20small%20%28%5Cu22641%5Cu2009%25%20each%29.%20We%20suggest%20that%20emissions%20from%20China%2C%20India%2C%20and%20Russia%20are%20likely%20related%20to%20production%20of%20polytetrafluoroethylene%20%28PTFE%2C%20%5Cu201cTeflon%5Cu201d%29%20and%20other%20fluoropolymers%20and%20fluorochemicals%20that%20are%20based%20on%20the%20pyrolysis%20of%20hydrochlorofluorocarbon%20HCFC-22%20%28CHClF2%29%20in%20which%20c-C4F8%20is%20a%20known%20by-product.%20The%20semiconductor%20sector%2C%20where%20c-C4F8%20is%20used%2C%20is%20estimated%20to%20be%20a%20small%20source%2C%20at%20least%20in%20South%20Korea%2C%20Japan%2C%20Taiwan%2C%20and%20Europe.%20Without%20an%20obvious%20correlation%20with%20population%20density%2C%20incineration%20of%20waste-containing%20fluoropolymers%20is%20probably%20a%20minor%20source%2C%20and%20we%20find%20no%20evidence%20of%20emissions%20from%20electrolytic%20production%20of%20aluminum%20in%20Australia.%20While%20many%20possible%20emissive%20uses%20of%20c-C4F8%20are%20known%20and%20though%20we%20cannot%20categorically%20exclude%20unknown%20sources%2C%20the%20start%20of%20significant%20emissions%20may%20well%20be%20related%20to%20the%20advent%20of%20commercial%20PTFE%20production%20in%201947.%20Process%20controls%20or%20abatement%20to%20reduce%20the%20c-C4F8%20by-product%20were%20probably%20not%20in%20place%20in%20the%20early%20decades%2C%20explaining%20the%20increase%20in%20emissions%20in%20the%201960s%20and%201970s.%20With%20the%20advent%20of%20by-product%20reporting%20requirements%20to%20the%20United%20Nations%20Framework%20Convention%20on%20Climate%20Change%20%28UNFCCC%29%20in%20the%201990s%2C%20concern%20about%20climate%20change%20and%20product%20stewardship%2C%20abatement%2C%20and%20perhaps%20the%20collection%20of%20c-C4F8%20by-product%20for%20use%20in%20the%20semiconductor%20industry%20where%20it%20can%20be%20easily%20abated%2C%20it%20is%20conceivable%20that%20emissions%20in%20developed%20countries%20were%20stabilized%20and%20then%20reduced%2C%20explaining%20the%20observed%20emission%20reduction%20in%20the%201980s%20and%201990s.%20Concurrently%2C%20production%20of%20PTFE%20in%20China%20began%20to%20increase%20rapidly.%20Without%20emission%20reduction%20requirements%2C%20it%20is%20plausible%20that%20global%20emissions%20today%20are%20dominated%20by%20China%20and%20other%20developing%20countries.%20We%20predict%20that%20c-C4F8%20emissions%20will%20continue%20to%20rise%20and%20that%20c-C4F8%20will%20become%20the%20second%20most%20important%20emitted%20PFC%20in%20terms%20of%20CO2-equivalent%20emissions%20within%20a%20year%20or%20two.%20The%202017%20radiative%20forcing%20of%20c-C4F8%20%280.52%5Cu2009mW%5Cu2009m%5Cu22122%29%20is%20small%20but%20emissions%20of%20c-C4F8%20and%20other%20PFCs%2C%20due%20to%20their%20very%20long%20atmospheric%20lifetimes%2C%20essentially%20permanently%20alter%20Earth%27s%20radiative%20budget%20and%20should%20be%20reduced.%20Significant%20emissions%20inferred%20outside%20of%20the%20investigated%20regions%20clearly%20show%20that%20observational%20capabilities%20and%20reporting%20requirements%20need%20to%20be%20improved%20to%20understand%20global%20and%20country-scale%20emissions%20of%20PFCs%20and%20other%20synthetic%20greenhouse%20gases%20and%20ozone-depleting%20substances.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-19-10335-2019%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7324%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WBZK3IXM%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T20%3A17%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DYG4Z9EP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cui%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECui%2C%20Y.%20Y.%2C%20Vijayan%2C%20A.%2C%20Falk%2C%20M.%2C%20Hsu%2C%20Y.%20K.%2C%20Yin%2C%20D.%20Z.%2C%20Chen%2C%20X.%20M.%2C%20Zhao%2C%20Z.%2C%20Avise%2C%20J.%2C%20Chen%2C%20Y.%20J.%2C%20Verhulst%2C%20K.%2C%20Duren%2C%20R.%2C%20Yadav%2C%20V.%2C%20Miller%2C%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Keeling%2C%20R.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Iraci%2C%20L.%20T.%2C%20Tanaka%2C%20T.%2C%20Johnson%2C%20M.%20S.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Croes%2C%20B.%20%282019%29.%20A%20multiplatform%20inversion%20estimation%20of%20statewide%20and%20regional%20methane%20emissions%20in%20California%20during%202014-2016.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E53%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2816%29%2C%209636%26%23x2013%3B9645.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.9b01769%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.9b01769%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20multiplatform%20inversion%20estimation%20of%20statewide%20and%20regional%20methane%20emissions%20in%20California%20during%202014-2016%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cui%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vijayan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hsu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Avise%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verhulst%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yadav%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keeling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Iraci%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tanaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kort%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bianco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fischer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stroud%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Herner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Croes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22California%20methane%20%28CH4%29%20emissions%20are%20quantified%20for%20three%20years%20from%20two%20tower%20networks%20and%20one%20aircraft%20campaign.%20We%20used%20backward%20trajectory%20simulations%20and%20a%20mesoscale%20Bayesian%20inverse%20model%2C%20Mbring%20ratios%20%28VI%20%27%20initialized%20by%20three%20inventories%2C%20to%20achieve%20the%20emission%20quantification.%20Results%20show%20total%20statewide%20CH4%20emissions%20of%202.05%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.26%20%28at%2095%25%20confidence%29%20Tg%5C%2Fyr%2C%20which%20is%201.14%20to%201.47%20times%20greater%20than%20the%20anthropogenic%20emission%20estimates%20by%20California%20Air%20Resource%20Board%20%28GARB%29.%20Some%20of%20differences%20could%20be%20biogenic%20emissions%2C%20superemitter%20point%20sources%2C%20and%20other%20episodic%20emissions%20which%20may%20not%20be%20completely%20included%20in%20the%20CARB%20inventory.%20San%20Joaquin%20Valley%20%28SJV%29%20has%20the%20largest%20CH4%20emissions%20%280.94%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.18%20Tg%5C%2Fyr%29%2C%20followed%20by%20the%20South%20Coast%20Air%20Basin%2C%20the%20Sacramento%20Valley%2C%20and%20the%20San%20Francisco%20Bay%20Area%20at%200.39%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.18%2C%200.21%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.04%2C%20and%200.16%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.05%20Tg%5C%2Fyr%2C%20respectively.%20The%20dairy%20and%20oil%5C%2Fgas%20production%20sources%20in%20the%20SJV%20contribute%200.44%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.36%20and%200.22%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.23%20Tg%20CH4%5C%2Fyr%2C%20respectively.%20This%20study%20has%20important%20policy%20implications%20for%20regulatory%20programs%2C%20as%20it%20provides%20a%20thorough%20multiyear%20evaluation%20of%20the%20emissions%20inventory%20using%20independent%20atmospheric%20measurements%20and%20investigates%20the%20utility%20of%20a%20complementary%20multiplatform%20approach%20in%20understanding%20the%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20patterns%20of%20CH4%20emissions%20in%20the%20state%20and%20identifies%20opportunities%20for%20the%20expansion%20and%20applications%20of%20the%20monitoring%20network.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Facs.est.9b01769%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220013-936X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22EU5YC9TT%22%2C%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T16%3A54%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MEYD4GXY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rigby%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20Saito%2C%20T.%2C%20Western%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Redington%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Fang%2C%20X.%2C%20Henne%2C%20S.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Dutton%2C%20G.%20S.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Hall%2C%20B.%20D.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Kim%2C%20K.%20R.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Lee%2C%20T.%2C%20Li%2C%20S.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Young%2C%20D.%20%282019%29.%20Increase%20in%20CFC-11%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China%20based%20on%20atmospheric%20observations.%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E569%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287757%29%2C%20546-%2B.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-019-1193-4%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41586-019-1193-4%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Increase%20in%20CFC-11%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China%20based%20on%20atmospheric%20observations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Western%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Redington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dutton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lunt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tunnicliffe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yokouchi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20recovery%20of%20the%20stratospheric%20ozone%20layer%20relies%20on%20the%20continued%20decline%20in%20the%20atmospheric%20concentrations%20of%20ozone-depleting%20gases%20such%20as%20chlorofluorocarbons%281%29.%20The%20atmospheric%20concentration%20of%20trichlorofluoromethane%20%28CFC-11%29%2C%20the%20second-most%20abundant%20chlorofluorocarbon%2C%20has%20declined%20substantially%20since%20the%20mid-1990s%282%29.%20A%20recently%20reported%20slowdown%20in%20the%20decline%20of%20the%20atmospheric%20concentration%20of%20CFC-11%20after%202012%2C%20however%2C%20suggests%20that%20global%20emissions%20have%20increased%283%2C4%29.%20A%20concurrent%20increase%20in%20CFC-11%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20Asia%20contributes%20to%20the%20global%20emission%20increase%2C%20but%20the%20location%20and%20magnitude%20of%20this%20regional%20source%20are%20unknown%283%29.%20Here%2C%20using%20high-frequency%20atmospheric%20observations%20from%20Gosan%2C%20South%20Korea%2C%20and%20Hateruma%2C%20Japan%2C%20together%20with%20global%20monitoring%20data%20and%20atmospheric%20chemical%20transport%20model%20simulations%2C%20we%20investigate%20regional%20CFC-11%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20Asia.%20We%20show%20that%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20mainland%20China%20are%207.0%20%2B%5C%2F-%203.0%20%28%2B%5C%2F-%201%20standard%20deviation%29%20gigagrams%20per%20year%20higher%20in%202014-2017%20than%20in%202008-2012%2C%20and%20that%20the%20increase%20in%20emissions%20arises%20primarily%20around%20the%20northeastern%20provinces%20of%20Shandong%20and%20Hebei.%20This%20increase%20accounts%20for%20a%20substantial%20fraction%20%28at%20least%2040%20to%2060%20per%20cent%29%20of%20the%20global%20rise%20in%20CFC-11%20emissions.%20We%20find%20no%20evidence%20for%20a%20significant%20increase%20in%20CFC-11%20emissions%20from%20any%20other%20eastern%20Asian%20countries%20or%20other%20regions%20of%20the%20world%20where%20there%20are%20available%20data%20for%20the%20detection%20of%20regional%20emissions.%20The%20attribution%20of%20any%20remaining%20fraction%20of%20the%20global%20CFC-11%20emission%20rise%20to%20other%20regions%20is%20limited%20by%20the%20sparsity%20of%20long-term%20measurements%20of%20sufficient%20frequency%20near%20potentially%20emissive%20regions.%20Several%20considerations%20suggest%20that%20the%20increase%20in%20CFC-11%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20mainland%20China%20is%20likely%20to%20be%20the%20result%20of%20new%20production%20and%20use%2C%20which%20is%20inconsistent%20with%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20agreement%20to%20phase%20out%20global%20chlorofluorocarbon%20production%20by%202010.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41586-019-1193-4%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A49%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DRV43DYQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Yadav%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EYadav%2C%20V.%2C%20Duren%2C%20R.%2C%20Mueller%2C%20K.%2C%20Verhulst%2C%20K.%20R.%2C%20Nehrkorn%2C%20T.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Keeling%2C%20R.%2C%20Sander%2C%20S.%2C%20Fischer%2C%20M.%20L.%2C%20Newman%2C%20S.%2C%20Falk%2C%20M.%2C%20Kuwayama%2C%20T.%2C%20Hopkins%2C%20F.%2C%20Rafiq%2C%20T.%2C%20Whetstone%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Miller%2C%20C.%20%282019%29.%20Spatio-temporally%20resolved%20methane%20fluxes%20from%20the%20Los%20Angeles%20megacity.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Atmospheres%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E124%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%205131%26%23x2013%3B5148.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018jd030062%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018jd030062%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Spatio-temporally%20resolved%20methane%20fluxes%20from%20the%20Los%20Angeles%20megacity%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yadav%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mueller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verhulst%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nehrkorn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keeling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fischer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kuwayama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hopkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rafiq%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whetstone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20combine%20sustained%20observations%20from%20a%20network%20of%20atmospheric%20monitoring%20stations%20with%20inverse%20modeling%20to%20uniquely%20obtain%20spatiotemporal%20%283-km%2C%204-day%29%20estimates%20of%20methane%20emissions%20from%20the%20Los%20Angeles%20megacity%20and%20the%20broader%20South%20Coast%20Air%20Basin%20for%202015-2016.%20Our%20inversions%20use%20customized%20and%20validated%20high-fidelity%20meteorological%20output%20from%20Weather%20Research%20Forecasting%20and%20Stochastic%20Time-Inverted%20Lagrangian%20model%20for%20South%20Coast%20Air%20Basin%20and%20innovatively%20employ%20a%20model%20resolution%20matrix-based%20metric%20to%20disentangle%20the%20spatiotemporal%20information%20content%20of%20observations%20as%20manifested%20through%20estimated%20fluxes.%20We%20partially%20track%20and%20constrain%20fluxes%20from%20the%20Aliso%20Canyon%20natural%20gas%20leak%20and%20detect%20closure%20of%20the%20Puente%20Hills%20landfill%2C%20with%20no%20prior%20information.%20Our%20annually%20aggregated%20fluxes%20and%20their%20uncertainty%20excluding%20the%20Aliso%20Canyon%20leak%20period%20lie%20within%20the%20uncertainty%20bounds%20of%20the%20fluxes%20reported%20by%20the%20previous%20studies.%20Spatially%2C%20major%20sources%20of%20CH4%20emissions%20in%20the%20basin%20were%20correlated%20with%20CH4-emitting%20infrastructure.%20Temporally%2C%20our%20findings%20show%20large%20seasonal%20variations%20in%20CH4%20fluxes%20with%20significantly%20higher%20fluxes%20in%20winter%20in%20comparison%20to%20summer%20months%2C%20which%20is%20consistent%20with%20natural%20gas%20demand%20and%20anticorrelated%20with%20air%20temperature.%20Overall%2C%20this%20is%20the%20first%20study%20that%20utilizes%20inversions%20to%20detect%20both%20enhancement%20%28Aliso%20Canyon%20leak%29%20and%20reduction%20%28Puente%20Hills%29%20in%20CH4%20fluxes%20due%20to%20the%20unintended%20events%20and%20policy%20decisions%20and%20thereby%20demonstrates%20the%20utility%20of%20inverse%20modeling%20for%20identifying%20variations%20in%20fluxes%20at%20fine%20spatiotemporal%20resolution.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2018jd030062%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-897X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22EU5YC9TT%22%2C%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228LFL3EKF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFang%2C%20X.%20K.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20Saito%2C%20T.%2C%20Tunnicliffe%2C%20R.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Li%2C%20S.%20L.%2C%20Yokouchi%2C%20Y.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Simmonds%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Young%2C%20D.%2C%20Lunt%2C%20M.%20F.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%20%282019%29.%20Rapid%20increase%20in%20ozone-depleting%20chloroform%20emissions%20from%20China.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Geoscience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E12%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%2089-%2B.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41561-018-0278-2%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41561-018-0278-2%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rapid%20increase%20in%20ozone-depleting%20chloroform%20emissions%20from%20China%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tunnicliffe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yokouchi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lunt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gressentl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Chloroform%20contributes%20to%20the%20depletion%20of%20the%20stratospheric%20ozone%20layer.%20However%2C%20due%20to%20its%20short%20lifetime%20and%20predominantly%20natural%20sources%2C%20it%20is%20not%20included%20in%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20that%20regulates%20the%20production%20and%20uses%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances.%20Atmospheric%20chloroform%20mole%20fractions%20were%20relatively%20stable%20or%20slowly%20decreased%20during%201990-2010.%20Here%20we%20show%20that%20global%20chloroform%20mole%20fractions%20increased%20after%202010%2C%20based%20on%20in%20situ%20chloroform%20measurements%20at%20seven%20stations%20around%20the%20world.%20We%20estimate%20that%20the%20global%20chloroform%20emissions%20grew%20at%20the%20rate%20of%203.5%25%20yr%28-1%29%20between%202010%20and%202015%20based%20on%20atmospheric%20model%20simulations.%20We%20used%20two%20regional%20inverse%20modelling%20approaches%2C%20combined%20with%20observations%20from%20East%20Asia%2C%20to%20show%20that%20emissions%20from%20eastern%20China%20grew%20by%2049%20%2841-59%29%20Gg%20between%202010%20and%202015%2C%20a%20change%20that%20could%20explain%20the%20entire%20increase%20in%20global%20emissions.%20We%20suggest%20that%20if%20chloroform%20emissions%20continuously%20grow%20at%20the%20current%20rate%2C%20the%20recovery%20of%20the%20stratospheric%20ozone%20layer%20above%20Antarctica%20could%20be%20delayed%20by%20several%20years.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41561-018-0278-2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221752-0894%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-09T21%3A29%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ILV57FMV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Li%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELi%2C%20P.%20Y.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Montzka%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Oram%2C%20D.%20E.%2C%20Miller%2C%20B.%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Tanhua%2C%20T.%20%282019%29.%20Atmospheric%20histories%2C%20growth%20rates%20and%20solubilities%20in%20seawater%20and%20other%20natural%20waters%20of%20the%20potential%20transient%20tracers%20HCFC-22%2C%20HCFC-141b%2C%20HCFC-142b%2C%20HFC-134a%2C%20HFC-125%2C%20HFC-23%2C%20PFC-14%20and%20PFC-116.%20%3Ci%3EOcean%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E15%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2033%26%23x2013%3B60.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fos-15-33-2019%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fos-15-33-2019%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Atmospheric%20histories%2C%20growth%20rates%20and%20solubilities%20in%20seawater%20and%20other%20natural%20waters%20of%20the%20potential%20transient%20tracers%20HCFC-22%2C%20HCFC-141b%2C%20HCFC-142b%2C%20HFC-134a%2C%20HFC-125%2C%20HFC-23%2C%20PFC-14%20and%20PFC-116%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oram%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tanhua%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20present%20consistent%20annual%20mean%20atmospheric%20histories%20and%20growth%20rates%20for%20the%20mainly%20anthropogenic%20halogenated%20compounds%20HCFC-22%2C%20HCFC-141b%2C%20HCFC-142b%2C%20HFC-134a%2C%20HFC-125%2C%20HFC-23%2C%20PFC-14%20and%20PFC-116%2C%20which%20are%20all%20potentially%20useful%20oceanic%20transient%20tracers%20%28tracers%20of%20water%20transport%20within%20the%20ocean%29%2C%20for%20the%20Northern%20and%20Southern%20Hemisphere%20with%20the%20aim%20of%20providing%20input%20histories%20of%20these%20compounds%20for%20the%20equilibrium%20between%20the%20atmosphere%20and%20surface%20ocean.%20We%20use%20observations%20of%20these%20halogenated%20compounds%20made%20by%20the%20Advanced%20Global%20Atmospheric%20Gases%20Experiment%20%28AGAGE%29%2C%20the%20Scripps%20Institution%20of%20Oceanography%20%28SIO%29%2C%20the%20Commonwealth%20Scientific%20and%20Industrial%20Research%20Organization%20%28CSIRO%29%2C%20the%20National%20Oceanic%20and%20Atmospheric%20Administration%20%28NOAA%29%20and%20the%20University%20of%20East%20Anglia%20%28UEA%29.%20Prior%20to%20the%20direct%20observational%20record%2C%20we%20use%20archived%20air%20measurements%2C%20firn%20air%20measurements%20and%20published%20model%20calculations%20to%20estimate%20the%20atmospheric%20mole%20fraction%20histories.%20The%20results%20show%20that%20the%20atmospheric%20mole%20fractions%20for%20each%20species%2C%20except%20HCFC-14%20lb%20and%20HCFC-142b%2C%20have%20been%20increasing%20since%20they%20were%20initially%20produced.%20Recently%2C%20the%20atmospheric%20growth%20rates%20have%20been%20decreasing%20for%20the%20HCFCs%20%28HCFC-22%2C%20HCFC-141b%20and%20HCFC-142b%29%2C%20increasing%20for%20the%20HFCs%20%28HFC-134a%2C%20HFC-125%2C%20HFC-23%29%20and%20stable%20with%20little%20fluctuation%20for%20the%20PFCs%20%28PFC-14%20and%20PFC-116%29%20investigated%20here.%20The%20atmospheric%20histories%20%28source%20functions%29%20and%20natural%20background%20mole%20fractions%20show%20that%20HCFC-22%2C%20HCFC-141b%2C%20HCFC-142b%2C%20HFC-134a%2C%20HFC-125%20and%20HFC-23%20have%20the%20potential%20to%20be%20oceanic%20transient%20tracers%20for%20the%20next%20few%20decades%20only%20because%20of%20the%20recently%20imposed%20bans%20on%20production%20and%20consumption.%20When%20the%20atmospheric%20histories%20of%20the%20compounds%20are%20not%20monotonically%20changing%2C%20the%20equilibrium%20atmospheric%20mole%20fraction%20%28and%20ultimately%20the%20age%20associated%20with%20that%20mole%20fraction%29%20calculated%20from%20their%20concentration%20in%20the%20ocean%20is%20not%20unique%2C%20reducing%20their%20potential%20as%20transient%20tracers.%20Moreover%2C%20HFCs%20have%20potential%20to%20be%20oceanic%20transient%20tracers%20for%20a%20longer%20period%20in%20the%20future%20than%20HCFCs%20as%20the%20growth%20rates%20of%20HFCs%20are%20increasing%20and%20those%20of%20HCFCs%20are%20decreasing%20in%20the%20background%20atmosphere.%20PFC-14%20and%20PFC-116%2C%20however%2C%20have%20the%20potential%20to%20be%20tracers%20for%20longer%20periods%20into%20the%20future%20due%20to%20their%20extremely%20long%20lifetimes%2C%20steady%20atmospheric%20growth%20rates%20and%20no%20explicit%20ban%20on%20their%20emissions.%20In%20this%20work%2C%20we%20also%20derive%20solubility%20functions%20for%20HCFC-22%2C%20HCFC-14%20lb%2C%20HCFC-142b%2C%20HFC-134a%2C%20HFC-125%2C%20HFC-23%2C%20PFC-14%20and%20PFC-116%20in%20water%20and%20seawater%20to%20facilitate%20their%20use%20as%20oceanic%20transient%20tracers.%20These%20functions%20are%20based%20on%20the%20Clark-Glew-Weiss%20%28CGW%29%20water%20solubility%20function%20fit%20and%20salting-out%20coefficients%20estimated%20by%20the%20poly-parameter%20linear%20free-energy%20relationships%20%28pp-LFERs%29.%20Here%20we%20also%20provide%20three%20methods%20of%20seawater%20solubility%20estimation%20for%20more%20compounds.%20Even%20though%20our%20intention%20is%20for%20application%20in%20oceanic%20research%2C%20the%20work%20described%20in%20this%20paper%20is%20potentially%20useful%20for%20tracer%20studies%20in%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20natural%20waters%2C%20including%20freshwater%20and%20saline%20lakes%2C%20and%2C%20for%20the%20more%20stable%20compounds%2C%20groundwaters.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Fos-15-33-2019%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221812-0784%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-09T21%3A29%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EV3SIYGK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Reimann%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EReimann%2C%20S.%2C%20Elkins%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Hall%2C%20B.%20D.%2C%20Kurylo%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Mahieu%2C%20E.%2C%20Montzka%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Rigby%2C%20M.%2C%20Simmonds%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%20%282018%29.%20Observing%20the%20atmospheric%20evolution%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances.%20%3Ci%3EComptes%20Rendus%20Geoscience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E350%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%20384%26%23x2013%3B392.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.crte.2018.08.008%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.crte.2018.08.008%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Observing%20the%20atmospheric%20evolution%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Elkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kurylo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mahieu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20atmospheric%20observations%20of%20ozone-depleting%20substances%20%28ODSs%29%20have%20been%20essential%20for%20following%20their%20atmospheric%20response%20to%20the%20production%20and%20use%20restrictions%20imposed%20by%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%20and%20its%20Amendments%20and%20Adjustments.%20ODSs%20have%20been%20used%20since%20the%20first%20half%20of%20the%2020th%20century%20in%20industrial%20and%20domestic%20applications.%20However%2C%20their%20atmospheric%20growth%20went%20unnoticed%20until%20the%20early%201970s%2C%20when%20they%20were%20discovered%20using%20gas%20chromatograph-electron%20capture%20detection%20%28GC-ECD%29%20instruments.%20Similar%20instrumentation%20formed%20the%20basis%20of%20global%20flask%20and%20in%20situ%20measurements%20commenced%20by%20NOAA%20and%20ALE%5C%2FGAGE%5C%2FAGAGE%20in%20the%20late%201970s.%20The%20combination%20of%20these%20networks%2C%20supported%20by%20a%20number%20of%20other%20laboratories%2C%20has%20been%20essential%20for%20following%20the%20tropospheric%20trends%20of%20ODSs.%20Additionally%2C%20ground-based%20remote%20sensing%20measurements%20within%20NDACC%20and%20aircraft-based%20observation%20programs%20have%20been%20crucial%20for%20measuring%20the%20evolution%20of%20the%20ODS%20abundances%20over%20the%20entire%20atmosphere.%20Maintaining%20these%20networks%20at%20least%20at%20their%20current%20state%20is%20vital%20for%20ensuring%20the%20on-going%20verification%20of%20the%20success%20of%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol.%20%28C%29%202018%20Academie%20des%20sciences.%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20Masson%20SAS.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.crte.2018.08.008%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221631-0713%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T17%3A46%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225G4FWQFF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lunt%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELunt%2C%20M.%20F.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20Li%2C%20S.%2C%20Henne%2C%20S.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Ganesan%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Simpson%2C%20I.%20J.%2C%20Blake%2C%20D.%20R.%2C%20Liang%2C%20Q.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%2C%20Harth%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20M%26%23xFC%3Bhle%2C%20J.%2C%20Salameh%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Krummel%2C%20P.%20B.%2C%20Fraser%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Prinn%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Reimann%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rigby%2C%20M.%20%282018%29.%20Continued%20emissions%20of%20the%20ozone-depleting%20substance%20carbon%20tetrachloride%20from%20Eastern%20Asia.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018GL079500%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018GL079500%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Continued%20emissions%20of%20the%20ozone-depleting%20substance%20carbon%20tetrachloride%20from%20Eastern%20Asia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lunt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simpson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blake%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fchle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salameh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krummel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fraser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prinn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reimann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%20Carbon%20tetrachloride%20%28CCl4%29%20is%20an%20ozone-depleting%20substance%2C%20accounting%20for%20about%2010%25%20of%20the%20chlorine%20in%20the%20troposphere.%20Under%20the%20terms%20of%20the%20Montreal%20Protocol%2C%20its%20production%20for%20dispersive%20uses%20was%20banned%20from%202010.%20In%20this%20work%20we%20show%20that%2C%20despite%20the%20controls%20on%20production%20being%20introduced%2C%20CCl4%20emissions%20from%20the%20eastern%20part%20of%20China%20did%20not%20decline%20between%202009%20and%202016.%20This%20finding%20is%20in%20contrast%20to%20a%20recent%20bottom-up%20estimate%2C%20which%20predicted%20a%20significant%20decrease%20in%20emissions%20after%20the%20introduction%20of%20production%20controls.%20We%20find%20eastern%20Asian%20emissions%20of%20CCl4%20to%20be%2016%20%289%3F24%29%5Cu00a0Gg%5C%2Fyear%20on%20average%20between%202009%20and%202016%2C%20with%20the%20primary%20source%20regions%20being%20in%20eastern%20China.%20The%20spatial%20distribution%20of%20emissions%20that%20we%20derive%20suggests%20that%20the%20source%20distribution%20of%20CCl4%20in%20China%20changed%20during%20the%208-year%20study%20period%2C%20indicating%20a%20new%20source%20or%20sources%20of%20emissions%20from%20China%27s%20Shandong%20province%20after%202012.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2018GL079500%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T15%3A32%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KFZM6M7R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Arnold%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EArnold%2C%20T.%2C%20Manning%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Kim%2C%20J.%2C%20Li%2C%20S.%20L.%2C%20Webster%2C%20H.%2C%20Thomson%2C%20D.%2C%20Muhle%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EWeiss%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Park%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20O%26%23x2019%3BDoherty%2C%20S.%20%282018%29.%20Inverse%20modelling%20of%20CF4%20and%20NF3%20emissions%20in%20East%20Asia.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E18%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2818%29%2C%2013305%26%23x2013%3B13320.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-18-13305-2018%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-18-13305-2018%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Inverse%20modelling%20of%20CF4%20and%20NF3%20emissions%20in%20East%20Asia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arnold%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Webster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muhle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Doherty%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Decadal%20trends%20in%20the%20atmospheric%20abundances%20of%20carbon%20tetrafluoride%20%28CF4%29%20and%20nitrogen%20trifluoride%20%28NF3%29%20have%20been%20well%20characterised%20and%20have%20provided%20a%20time%20series%20of%20global%20total%20emissions.%20Information%20on%20locations%20of%20emissions%20contributing%20to%20the%20global%20total%2C%20however%2C%20is%20currently%20poor.%20We%20use%20a%20unique%20set%20of%20measurements%20between%202008%20and%202015%20from%20the%20Gosan%20station%2C%20Jeju%20Island%2C%20South%20Korea%20%28part%20of%20the%20Advanced%20Global%20Atmospheric%20Gases%20Experiment%20network%29%2C%20together%20with%20an%20atmospheric%20transport%20model%2C%20to%20make%20spatially%20disaggregated%20emission%20estimates%20of%20these%20gases%20in%20East%20Asia.%20Due%20to%20the%20poor%20availability%20of%20good%20prior%20information%20for%20this%20study%2C%20our%20emission%20estimates%20are%20largely%20influenced%20by%20the%20atmospheric%20measurements.%20Notably%2C%20we%20are%20able%20to%20highlight%20emission%20hotspots%20of%20NF3%20and%20CF4%20in%20South%20Korea%20due%20to%20the%20measurement%20location.%20We%20calculate%20emissions%20of%20CF4%20to%20be%20quite%20constant%20between%20the%20years%202008%20and%202015%20for%20both%20China%20and%20South%20Korea%2C%20with%202015%20emissions%20calculated%20at%204.3%20%2B%5C%2F-%202.7%20and%200.36%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.11%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%2C%20respectively.%20Emission%20estimates%20of%20NF3%20from%20South%20Korea%20could%20be%20made%20with%20relatively%20small%20uncertainty%20at%200.6%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.07%20Gg%20yr%28-1%29%20in%202015%2C%20which%20equates%20to%20similar%20to%201.6%25%20of%20the%20country%27s%20CO2%20emissions.%20We%20also%20apply%20our%20method%20to%20calculate%20emissions%20of%20CHF3%20%28HFC-23%29%20between%202008%20and%202012%2C%20for%20which%20our%20results%20find%20good%20agreement%20with%20other%20studies%20and%20which%20helps%20support%20our%20choice%20in%20methodology%20for%20CF4%20and%20NF3.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-18-13305-2018%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7316%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225LM959AS%22%2C%225NFTUH6D%22%2C%22VFF5GS5K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T15%3A33%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Hmiel, B., Petrenko, V. V., Buizert, C., Smith, A. M., Dyonisius, M. N., Place, P., Yang, B., Hua, Q., Beaudette, R., Severinghaus, J. P., Harth, C., Weiss, R. F., Davidge, L., Diaz, M., Pacicco, M., Menking, J. A., Kalk, M., Faïn, X., Adolph, A., … Murray, L. T. (2024). Characterization of in situ cosmogenic 14 CO production, retention and loss in firn and shallow ice at Summit, Greenland. The Cryosphere, 18(7), 3363–3382. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3363-2024
Liu, Y., Sheng, J., Rigby, M., Ganesan, A., Kim, J., Western, L. M., Mühle, J., Park, S., Park, H., Weiss, R. F., Salameh, P. K., O’Doherty, S., Young, D., Krummel, P. B., Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Lunder, C. R., & Prinn, R. G. (2024). Increases in Global and East Asian Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF 3 ) Emissions Inferred from Atmospheric Observations. Environmental Science & Technology, acs.est.4c04507. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c04507
Choi, H., Redington, A. L., Park, H., Kim, J., Thompson, R. L., Mühle, J., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Weiss, R. F., Manning, A. J., & Park, S. (2024). Revealing the significant acceleration of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions in eastern Asia through long-term atmospheric observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24(12), 7309–7330. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7309-2024
Wang, Y., An, M., Western, L. M., Prinn, R. G., Hu, J., Zhao, X., Rigby, M., Mühle, J., Vollmer, M. K., Weiss, R. F., & Yao, B. (2024). Rising Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c -C 4 F 8 ) Emissions in China from 2011 to 2020 Inferred from Atmospheric Observations. Environmental Science & Technology, acs.est.3c10325. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10325
Western, L. M., Daniel, J. S., Vollmer, M. K., Clingan, S., Crotwell, M., Fraser, P. J., Ganesan, A. L., Hall, B., Harth, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Mühle, J., O’Doherty, S., Salameh, P. K., Stanley, K. M., Reimann, S., Vimont, I., Young, D., Rigby, M., Weiss, R. F., … Montzka, S. A. (2024). A decrease in radiative forcing and equivalent effective chlorine from hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02038-7
An, M., Prinn, R. G., Western, L. M., Zhao, X., Yao, B., Hu, J., Ganesan, A. L., Mühle, J., Weiss, R. F., Krummel, P. B., O’Doherty, S., Young, D., & Rigby, M. (2024). Sustained growth of sulfur hexafluoride emissions in China inferred from atmospheric observations. Nature Communications, 15(1), 1997. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46084-3
Thompson, R. L., Montzka, S. A., Vollmer, M. K., Arduini, J., Crotwell, M., Krummel, P. B., Lunder, C., Mühle, J., O’Doherty, S., Prinn, R. G., Reimann, S., Vimont, I., Wang, H., Weiss, R. F., & Young, D. (2024). Estimation of the atmospheric hydroxyl radical oxidative capacity using multiple hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24(2), 1415–1427. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1415-2024
An, M., Western, L. M., Hu, J., Yao, B., Mühle, J., Ganesan, A. L., Prinn, R. G., Krummel, P. B., Hossaini, R., Fang, X., O’Doherty, S., Weiss, R. F., Young, D., & Rigby, M. (2023). Anthropogenic Chloroform Emissions from China Drive Changes in Global Emissions. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(37), 13925–13936. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01898
Park, H., Kim, J., Choi, H., Geum, S., Kim, Y., Thompson, R. L., Mühle, J., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Stanley, K. M., O’Doherty, S., Fraser, P. J., Simmonds, P. G., Krummel, P. B., Weiss, R. F., Prinn, R. G., & Park, S. (2023). A rise in HFC-23 emissions from eastern Asia since 2015. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(16), 9401–9411. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023
Redington, A. L., Manning, A. J., Henne, S., Graziosi, F., Western, L. M., Arduini, J., Ganesan, A. L., Harth, C. M., Maione, M., Mühle, J., O’Doherty, S., Pitt, J., Reimann, S., Rigby, M., Salameh, P. K., Simmonds, P. G., Spain, T. G., Stanley, K., Vollmer, M. K., … Young, D. (2023). Western European emission estimates of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CCl 4 derived from atmospheric measurements from 2008 to 2021. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(13), 7383–7398. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7383-2023
Yadav, V., Verhulst, K., Duren, R., Thorpe, A., Kim, J., Keeling, R., Weiss, R., Cusworth, D., Mountain, M., Miller, C., & Whetstone, J. (2023). A declining trend of methane emissions in the Los Angeles basin from 2015 to 2020. Environmental Research Letters, 18(3), 034004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acb6a9
Dyonisius, M. N., Petrenko, V. V., Smith, A. M., Hmiel, B., Neff, P. D., Yang, B., Hua, Q., Schmitt, J., Shackleton, S. A., Buizert, C., Place, P. F., Menking, J. A., Beaudette, R., Harth, C., Kalk, M., Roop, H. A., Bereiter, B., Armanetti, C., Vimont, I., … McConnell, J. R. (2023). Using ice core measurements from Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, to calibrate in situ cosmogenic 14 C production rates by muons. The Cryosphere, 17(2), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-843-2023
Western, L. M., Vollmer, M. K., Krummel, P. B., Adcock, K. E., Crotwell, M., Fraser, P. J., Harth, C. M., Langenfelds, R. L., Montzka, S. A., Mühle, J., O’Doherty, S., Oram, D. E., Reimann, S., Rigby, M., Vimont, I., Weiss, R. F., Young, D., & Laube, J. C. (2023). Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020. Nature Geoscience, 16(4), 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w
Stell, A. C., Bertolacci, M., Zammit-Mangion, A., Rigby, M., Fraser, P. J., Harth, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Lan, X., Manizza, M., Muhle, J., O’Doherty, S., Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., Young, D., & Ganesan, A. L. (2022). Modelling the growth of atmospheric nitrous oxide using a global hierarchical inversion. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22(19), 12945–12960. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12945-2022
Western, L. M., Redington, A. L., Manning, A. J., Trudinger, C. M., Hu, L., Henne, S., Fang, X., Kuijpers, L. J. M., Theodoridi, C., Godwin, D. S., Arduini, J., Dunse, B., Engel, A., Fraser, P. J., Harth, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Maione, M., Mühle, J., O’Doherty, S., … Rigby, M. (2022). A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions between 2017–2021. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22(14), 9601–9616. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9601-2022
Velders, G. J. M., Daniel, J. S., Montzka, S. A., Vimont, I., Rigby, M., Krummel, P. B., Muhle, J., O’Doherty, S., Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., & Young, D. (2022). Projections of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions and the resulting global warming based on recent trends in observed abundances and current policies. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22(9), 6087–6101. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6087-2022
Patra, P. K., Dlugokencky, E. J., Elkins, J. W., Dutton, G. S., Tohjima, Y., Sasakawa, M., Ito, A., Weiss, R. F., Manizza, M., Krummel, P. B., Prinn, R. G., O’Doherty, S., Bianchi, D., Nevison, C., Solazzo, E., Lee, H., Joo, S., Kort, E. A., Maity, S., & Takigawa, M. (2022). Forward and inverse modelling of atmospheric nitrous oxide using MIROC4-atmospheric chemistry-transport model. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 100(2), 361–386. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2022-018
Choi, H., Park, M. K., Fraser, P. J., Park, H., Geum, S., Muhle, J., Kim, J., Porter, I., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Dunse, B. L., Krummel, P. B., Weiss, R. F., O’Doherty, S., Young, D., & Park, S. (2022). Top-down and bottom-up estimates of anthropogenic methyl bromide emissions from eastern China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22(8), 5157–5173. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5157-2022
Muhle, J., Kuijpers, L. J. M., Stanley, K. M., Rigby, M., Western, L. M., Kim, J., Park, S., Harth, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., O’Doherty, S., Salameh, P. K., Schmidt, R., Young, D., Prinn, R. G., Wang, R. H. J., & Weiss, R. F. (2022). Global emissions of perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) resulting from the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) feedstock to produce polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and related fluorochemicals. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22(5), 3371–3378. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3371-2022
Chen, A., Chen, D., Hu, X., Harth, C. M., Young, D., Mühle, J., Krummel, P. B., O’Doherty, S., Weiss, R. F., Prinn, R. G., & Fang, X. (2022). Historical trend of ozone-depleting substances and hydrofluorocarbon concentrations during 2004–2020 derived from satellite observations and estimates for global emissions. Environmental Pollution, 316, 120570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120570
Mitchell, L. E., Lin, J. C., Hutyra, L. R., Bowling, D. R., Cohen, R. C., Davis, K. J., DiGangi, E., Duren, R. M., Ehleringer, J. R., Fain, C., Falk, M., Guha, A., Karion, A., Keeling, R. F., Kim, J., Miles, N. L., Miller, C. E., Newman, S., Pataki, D. E., … Wofsy, S. C. (2022). A multi-city urban atmospheric greenhouse gas measurement data synthesis. Scientific Data, 9(1), 361. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01467-3
An, M. D., Western, L. M., Say, D., Chen, L. Q., Claxton, T., Ganesan, A. L., Hossaini, R., Krummel, P. B., Manning, A. J., Muhle, J., O’Doherty, S., Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., Young, D., Hu, J. X., Yao, B., & Rigby, M. (2021). Rapid increase in dichloromethane emissions from China inferred through atmospheric observations. Nature Communications, 12(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27592-y
Takeda, M., Nakajima, H., Murata, I., Nagahama, T., Morino, I., Toon, G. C., Weiss, R. F., Muhle, J., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., & Wang, H. J. (2021). First ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer observations of HFC-23 at Rikubetsu, Japan, and Syowa Station, Antarctica. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 14(9), 5955–5976. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5955-2021
Lickley, M., Solomon, S., Kinnison, D., Krummel, P., Muhle, J., O’Doherty, S., Prinn, R., Rigby, M., Stone, K. A., Wang, P. D., Weiss, R., & Young, D. (2021). Quantifying the Imprints of Stratospheric Contributions to Interhemispheric Differences in Tropospheric CFC-11, CFC-12, and N2O Abundances. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(15), 9. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl093700
Manning, A. J., Redington, A. L., Say, D., O’Doherty, S., Young, D., Simmonds, P. G., Vollmer, M. K., Muhle, J., Arduini, J., Spain, G., Wisher, A., Maione, M., Schuck, T. J., Stanley, K., Reimann, S., Engel, A., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., Harth, C. M., … Arnold, T. (2021). Evidence of a recent decline in UK emissions of hydrofluorocarbons determined by the InTEM inverse model and atmospheric measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21(16), 12739–12755. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12739-2021
Kim, J., Thompson, R., Park, H., Bogle, S., Muhle, J., Park, M. K., Kim, Y., Harth, C. M., Salameh, P. K., Schmidt, R., Ottinger, D., Park, S., & Weiss, R. F. (2021). Emissions of tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6) from East Asia: 2008 to 2019. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 126(16), 26. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034888
Yadav, V., Ghosh, S., Mueller, K., Karion, A., Roest, G., Gourdji, S. M., Lopez-Coto, I., Gurney, K. R., Parazoo, N., Verhulst, K. R., Kim, J., Prinzivalli, S., Fain, C., Nehrkorn, T., Mountain, M., Keeling, R. F., Weiss, R. F., Duren, R., Miller, C. E., & Whetstone, J. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on CO2 emissions in the Los Angeles and Washington DC/Baltimore metropolitan areas. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl092744
Gressent, A., Rigby, M., Ganesan, A. L., Prinn, R. G., Manning, A. J., Muhle, J., Salameh, P. K., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., Steele, L. P., Mitrevski, B., Weiss, R. F., Harth, C. M., Wang, R. H., O’Doherty, S., Young, D., Park, S., Li, S., Yao, B., … Lunder, C. R. (2021). Growing atmospheric emissions of sulfuryl fluoride. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 126(9), 11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jd034327
Vollmer, M. K., Muhle, J., Henne, S., Young, D., Rigby, M., Mitrevski, B., Park, S., Lunder, C. R., Rhee, T. S., Harth, C. M., Hill, M., Langenfelds, R. L., Guillevic, M., Schlauri, P. M., Hermansen, O., Arduini, J., Wang, R. H. J., Salameh, P. K., Maione, M., … Steele, L. P. (2021). Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(5). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010914118
Patra, P. K., Krol, M. C., Prinn, R. G., Takigawa, M., Muhle, J., Montzka, S. A., Lal, S., Yamashita, Y., Naus, S., Chandra, N., Weiss, R. F., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., O’Doherty, S., & Elkins, J. W. (2021). Methyl chloroform continues to constrain the hydroxyl (OH) variability in the troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 126(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jd033862
Say, D., Manning, A. J., Western, L. M., Young, D., Wisher, A., Rigby, M., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Maione, M., Arduini, J., Krummel, P. B., Muhle, J., Harth, C. M., Evans, B., Weiss, R. F., Prinn, R. G., & O’Doherty, S. (2021). Global trends and European emissions of tetrafluoromethane (CF4), hexafluoroethane (C2F6) and octafluoropropane (C3F8). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21(3), 2149–2164. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2149-2021
Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., Portmann, R. W., Chipperfield, M. P., Davis, S., Feng, W., Manning, A. J., Ray, E., Rigby, M., Hall, B. D., Siso, C., Nance, J. D., Krummel, P. B., Mühle, J., Young, D., O’Doherty, S., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Prinn, R. G., … Theodoridi, C. (2021). A decline in global CFC-11 emissions during 2018−2019. Nature, 590(7846), 428–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03260-5
Park, S., Western, L. M., Saito, T., Redington, A. L., Henne, S., Fang, X. K., Prinn, R. G., Manning, A. J., Montzka, S. A., Fraser, P. J., Ganesan, A. L., Harth, C. M., Kim, J., Krummel, P. B., Liang, Q., Mhle, J., O’Doherty, S., Park, H., Park, M. K., … Rigby, M. (2021). A decline in emissions of CFC-11 and related chemicals from eastern China. Nature, 590(7846), 433-+. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03277-w
Tian, H. Q., Xu, R. T., Canadell, J. G., Thompson, R. L., Winiwarter, W., Suntharalingam, P., Davidson, E. A., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Prather, M. J., Regnier, P., Pan, N. Q., Pan, S. F., Peters, G. P., Shi, H., Tubiello, F. N., Zaehle, S., Zhou, F., … Yao, Y. Z. (2020). A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks. Nature, 586(7828), 248-+. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0
Ganesan, A. L., Manizza, M., Morgan, E. J., Harth, C. M., Kozlova, E., Lueker, T., Manning, A. J., Lunt, M. F., Muhle, J., Lavric, J. V., Heimann, M., Weiss, R. F., & Rigby, M. (2020). Marine nitrous oxide emissions from three Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems inferred from atmospheric observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(14). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087822
Babbin, A. R., Boles, E. L., Muhle, J., & Weiss, R. F. (2020). On the natural spatio-temporal heterogeneity of South Pacific nitrous oxide. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17509-6
Saunois, M., Stavert, A. R., Poulter, B., Bousquet, P., Canadell, J. G., Jackson, R. B., Raymond, P. A., Dlugokencky, E. J., Houweling, S., Patra, P. K., Ciais, P., Arora, V. K., Bastviken, D., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Bruhwiler, L., Carlson, K. M., Carrol, M., … Zhuang, Q. L. (2020). The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017. Earth System Science Data, 12(3), 1561–1623. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020
Simmonds, P. G., Rigby, M., Manning, A. J., Park, S., Stanley, K. M., McCulloch, A., Henne, S., Graziosi, F., Maione, M., Arduini, J., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Mühle, J., O’Doherty, S., Young, D., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., Weiss, R. F., Salameh, P. K., … Prinn, R. G. (2020). The increasing atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20(12), 7271–7290. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7271-2020
Dyonisius, M. N., Petrenko, V. V., Smith, A. M., Hua, Q., Yang, B., Schmitt, J., Beck, J., Seth, B., Bock, M., Hmiel, B., Vimont, I., Menking, J. A., Shackleton, S. A., Baggenstos, D., Bauska, T. K., Rhodes, R. H., Sperlich, P., Beaudette, R., Harth, C., … Weiss, R. F. (2020). Old carbon reservoirs were not important in the deglacial methane budget. Science, 367(6480), 907-+. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0504
Hmiel, B., Petrenko, V. V., Dyonisius, M. N., Buizert, C., Smith, A. M., Place, P. F., Harth, C., Beaudette, R., Hua, Q., Yang, B., Vimont, I., Michel, S. E., Severinghaus, J. P., Etheridge, D., Bromley, T., Schmitt, J., Fa?n, X., Weiss, R. F., & Dlugokencky, E. (2020). Preindustrial (CH4)-C-14 indicates greater anthropogenic fossil CH4 emissions. Nature, 578(7795), 409-+. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1991-8
Stanley, K. M., Say, D., Muhle, J., Harth, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Young, D., O’Doherty, S. J., Salameh, P. K., Simmonds, P. G., Weiss, R. F., Prinn, R. G., Fraser, P. J., & Rigby, M. (2020). Increase in global emissions of HFC-23 despite near-total expected reductions. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13899-4
Mühle, J., Trudinger, C. M., Western, L. M., Rigby, M., Vollmer, M. K., Park, S., Manning, A. J., Say, D., Ganesan, A., Steele, L. P., Ivy, D. J., Arnold, T., Li, S., Stohl, A., Harth, C. M., Salameh, P. K., McCulloch, A., O’Doherty, S., Park, M. K., … Weiss, R. F. (2019). Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) in the global atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(15), 10335–10359. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10335-2019
Cui, Y. Y., Vijayan, A., Falk, M., Hsu, Y. K., Yin, D. Z., Chen, X. M., Zhao, Z., Avise, J., Chen, Y. J., Verhulst, K., Duren, R., Yadav, V., Miller, C., Weiss, R., Keeling, R., Kim, J., Iraci, L. T., Tanaka, T., Johnson, M. S., … Croes, B. (2019). A multiplatform inversion estimation of statewide and regional methane emissions in California during 2014-2016. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(16), 9636–9645. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01769
Rigby, M., Park, S., Saito, T., Western, L. M., Redington, A. L., Fang, X., Henne, S., Manning, A. J., Prinn, R. G., Dutton, G. S., Fraser, P. J., Ganesan, A. L., Hall, B. D., Harth, C. M., Kim, J., Kim, K. R., Krummel, P. B., Lee, T., Li, S., … Young, D. (2019). Increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern China based on atmospheric observations. Nature, 569(7757), 546-+. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1193-4
Yadav, V., Duren, R., Mueller, K., Verhulst, K. R., Nehrkorn, T., Kim, J., Weiss, R. F., Keeling, R., Sander, S., Fischer, M. L., Newman, S., Falk, M., Kuwayama, T., Hopkins, F., Rafiq, T., Whetstone, J., & Miller, C. (2019). Spatio-temporally resolved methane fluxes from the Los Angeles megacity. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 124(9), 5131–5148. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd030062
Fang, X. K., Park, S., Saito, T., Tunnicliffe, R., Ganesan, A. L., Rigby, M., Li, S. L., Yokouchi, Y., Fraser, P. J., Harth, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Muhle, J., O’Doherty, S., Salameh, P. K., Simmonds, P. G., Weiss, R. F., Young, D., Lunt, M. F., Manning, A. J., … Prinn, R. G. (2019). Rapid increase in ozone-depleting chloroform emissions from China. Nature Geoscience, 12(2), 89-+. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0278-2
Li, P. Y., Muhle, J., Montzka, S. A., Oram, D. E., Miller, B. R., Weiss, R. F., Fraser, P. J., & Tanhua, T. (2019). Atmospheric histories, growth rates and solubilities in seawater and other natural waters of the potential transient tracers HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116. Ocean Science, 15(1), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-33-2019
Reimann, S., Elkins, J. W., Fraser, P. J., Hall, B. D., Kurylo, M. J., Mahieu, E., Montzka, S. A., Prinn, R. G., Rigby, M., Simmonds, P. G., & Weiss, R. F. (2018). Observing the atmospheric evolution of ozone-depleting substances. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 350(7), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2018.08.008
Lunt, M. F., Park, S., Li, S., Henne, S., Manning, A. J., Ganesan, A. L., Simpson, I. J., Blake, D. R., Liang, Q., O’Doherty, S., Harth, C. M., Mühle, J., Salameh, P. K., Weiss, R. F., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., Prinn, R. G., Reimann, S., & Rigby, M. (2018). Continued emissions of the ozone-depleting substance carbon tetrachloride from Eastern Asia. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079500
Arnold, T., Manning, A. J., Kim, J., Li, S. L., Webster, H., Thomson, D., Muhle, J., Weiss, R. F., Park, S., & O’Doherty, S. (2018). Inverse modelling of CF4 and NF3 emissions in East Asia. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(18), 13305–13320. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13305-2018